Interception de communications privées (infraction)

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• < Droit pénal/Détermination de la peine
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Intercept of Private Communications
Art. 184, 184.5, 191, 193, and 193.1 du
élection / plaidoyer
choix du mode de poursuite	hybride
Jurisdiction	Cour prov. Cour sup. avec jury (*) Cour sup. avec juge seul (*) * Doit être inculpable. Enquête préliminaire également disponible.
disposition des actes d'accusation
dispositions disponible	Absolution (730) Ordonnances de probation (731(1)(a)) Amende (734) Amende + Probation (731(1)(b)) prison (718.3, 787) Prison + Probation (731(1)(b)) Prison + Amande (734) Ordonnances de sursis (742.1)
minimum	Aucun
maximum	2 years incarcération or 5 years incarcération
Référence
Éléments d'infraction résumé des cas de la peine

Overview

Les infractions liées à intercept of private communications se retrouvent dans la partie VI du « Code criminel » relative à « l'atteinte à la vie privée ».

Pleadings

Article d'infraction	Type d'infractions	Choix du mode de poursuite	Élection de la défense l'art. 536(2)	Enquête préliminaire
s. 184 [interception of private communication], s. 184.5 [interception of radio-based telephone communications], s. 191 [possession of interception devices], s. 193 [disclosure of intercepted information], and s. 193.1 [disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications]	Infraction(s) hybride	N/A	Yes	(moins de 14 ans maximum)

Les infractions sous s. 184 [interception of private communication], 184.5 [interception of radio-based telephone communications], 191 [possession of interception devices], 193 [disclosure of intercepted information], and 193.1 [disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications] sont hybrides avec un élection de la Couronne. S'il est poursuivi par acte d'accusation, il y a une élection de la défense du tribunal en vertu de l'art. 536(2).

Release

Lorsqu'il est inculpé en vertu de s. 184 [interception of private communication],
s. 184.5 [interception of radio-based telephone communications], s. 191 [possession of interception devices],
s. 193 [disclosure of intercepted information], and
s. 193.1 [disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications], l'accusé peut recevoir une avis de comparution sans être arrêté en vertu de l'art. 497 ou une sommation. S'il est arrêté, il peut être libéré par l'agent qui l'a arrêté conformément à l'art. 498 ou 499 sur un engagement avec ou sans conditionl'art. Il peut également être libéré par un juge en vertu de l'art. 515.

Reverse Onus Bail

Si la police décide de traduire l'accusé devant un juge conformément à l'art. 503, il y aura une présomption contre la mise en liberté sous caution (c'est-à-dire un inversion du fardeau de la preuve) si l'infraction, poursuivie par voie de mise en accusation, a été commise :

• en liberté sous l'art. 515 [libération sous caution], 679 ou 680 [libération en attendant l'appel ou la révision de l'appel] (l'art. 515(6)(a)(i));
• « au profit, sous la direction ou en association » avec une « organisation criminelle » (l'art. 515(6)(a)(ii));
• lorsque l'infraction concernait une arme, à savoir une arme à feu, une arbalète, une arme prohibée, une arme à autorisation restreinte, un dispositif prohibé, des munitions, des munitions prohibées ou une substance explosive, alors que l'accusé faisait l'objet d'une ordonnance d'interdiction empêchant la possession de ces éléments (l'art. 515(6)(a)(viii)) ; ou
• lorsque l'accusé n'est pas "un résident habituel du Canada" (l'art. 515(6)(b)).

Et, quel que soit le choix de la Couronne, si l’infraction alléguée en était une :

• lorsque l'infraction était une allégation de violence contre un "partenaire intime" et l'accusé avait déjà été reconnu coupable d'une infraction de violence contre un "partenaire intime" ( l'art. 515(6)(b.1));
• lorsque l'infraction alléguée est un manquement au sens de l'art. 145(2) à (5) tandis que (l'art. 515(6)(c));
• lorsque l'infraction commise (ou conspirée pour commettre) était une infraction à l'art. 5 à 7 de la LRCDAS qui est passible de l'emprisonnement à perpétuité (l'art. 515(6)(d));

Publication Bans

Pour toutes les poursuites pénales ou réglementaires, il existe une interdiction générale discrétionnaire de publication, à la demande de la Couronne, de la victime ou du témoin, afin d'interdire la publication de "toute information susceptible d'identifier la victime ou le témoin" en vertu de l'article 486.5(1), lorsque cela est "nécessaire" à la "bonne administration de la justice". D'autres interdictions de publication sont possibles, notamment l'interdiction de publier des preuves ou d'autres informations résultant d'une audience de mise en liberté sous caution (article 517), d'une enquête préliminaire (article 539) ou d'un procès avec jury (article 648). Dans toutes les poursuites intentées contre des adolescents, il existe une interdiction obligatoire de publier les renseignements qui tendent à identifier les jeunes accusés en vertu de l'article 110 de la LSJPA ou les jeunes victimes en vertu de l'article 111 de la LSJPA.

Offence Designations

Infraction(s)	Admissible à l'écoute électronique l'art. 183	Infraction désignée comme délinquant dangereux l'art. 752	Sévices graves à la personne l'art. 752	Consentement du procureur général requis	Infraction criminelle grave l'art. 36 IRPA
s. 184 [interception of private communication] and s. 191 [possession of interception devices]
s. 184.5 [interception of radio-based telephone communications], s. 193 [disclosure of intercepted information], and s. 193.1 [disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications]

Les infractions en vertu de l'art. s. 184 and 191 sont infractions désignées admissibles à l'écoute électronique en vertu de l'art. 183.

Voir ci-dessous Ordres de condamnation annexes pour plus de détails sur les désignations relatives aux ordres de condamnation.

Offence Wording

Interception

184 (1) Every person who, by means of any electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device, knowingly intercepts a private communication is guilty of

(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or

(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

[omis (2) and (3)]
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 184; 1993, c. 40, s. 3; 2004, c. 12, s. 4; 2019, c. 25, s. 64.

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Interception of radio-based telephone communications

184.5 (1) Every person who intercepts, by means of any electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device, maliciously or for gain, a radio-based telephone communication, if the originator of the communication or the person intended by the originator of the communication to receive it is in Canada, is guilty of

(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or

(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

Other provisions to apply

(2) Section 183.1 [sufficiency of consent to interception], subsection 184(2) [interception of private communication – exception] and sections 184.1 to 190 [provisions re interception of communications] and 194 to 196 [provisions re accountability on wiretaps] apply, with such modifications as the circumstances require, to interceptions of radio-based telephone communications referred to in subsection (1) [interception of radio-based telephone communications – offence].
1993, c. 40, s. 4; 2019, c. 25, s. 65.

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Possession, etc.

191 (1) Every person who possesses, sells or purchases any electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device or any component of it knowing that its design renders it primarily useful for surreptitious interception of private communications is guilty of

(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years; or

(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

[omis (2) and (3)]
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 191; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 26; 2005, c. 10, s. 34; 2013, c. 8, s. 4; 2019, c. 25, s. 67.

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Disclosure of information

193 (1) If a private communication has been intercepted by means of an electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device without the consent, express or implied, of the originator of that communication or of the person intended by the originator to receive it, every person commits an offence who, without the express consent of the originator of that communication or of the person intended to receive it, knowingly

(a) uses or discloses the private communication or any part of it or the substance, meaning or purpose of it or of any part of it, or

(b) discloses the existence of the private communication.

Punishment

(1.1) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) [disclosing intercepted communication – offence] is guilty of

(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years; or

(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

[omis (2) and (3)]
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 193; R.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.), s. 45; 1993, c. 40, s. 11; 2004, c. 12, s. 5; 2019, c. 25, s. 68.

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications

193.1 (1) Every person who knowingly uses or discloses a radio-based telephone communication or who knowingly discloses the existence of such a communication is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction, if

(a) the originator of the communication or the person intended by the originator of the communication to receive it was in Canada when the communication was made;

(b) the communication was intercepted by means of an electromagnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device without the consent, express or implied, of the originator of the communication or of the person intended by the originator to receive the communication; and

(c) the person does not have the express or implied consent of the originator of the communication or of the person intended by the originator to receive the communication.

Other provisions to apply

(2) Subsections 193(2) [disclosing intercepted communication – exemptions] and (3) [disclosing intercepted communication – lawful publishing] apply, with such modifications as the circumstances require, to disclosures of radio-based telephone communications.
1993, c. 40, s. 12; 2019, c. 25, s. 69.

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Projet de formulaire d'accusations

		Préambules
		"QUE [nom complet de l'accusé] est accusé d'avoir, entre le <DATE> jour de <MOIS>, <ANNÉE> et le <DATE> jour de <MOIS>, <ANNÉE>***, à ou près de <COMMUNAUTÉ/VILLE/VILLE>, <PROVINCE>, ... " OU
		« QUE [nom complet de l'accusé] est accusé d'avoir, le ou vers le <DATE> jour de <MOIS>, <ANNÉE>, à ou près de <COMMUNAUTÉ/VILLE/VILLE>, <PROVINCE>, ... » OU
		"ET DE PLUS, au même moment et au même endroit précités, il [ou elle]..."
Article du Code	Objet de l'infraction	Projet de libellé
184(1)		"..., by means of an electromagnetic or an acoustic or a mechanical or [other] device, did wilfully intercept a private communication, to wit: [conduct], contrairement à l'art. 184(1) du « Code criminel »."
184.5(1)		"..., contrairement à l'art. 184.5(1) du « Code criminel ».
191(1)		"..., contrairement à l'art. 191(1) du « Code criminel ».
193(1)		"..., contrairement à l'art. 193(1) du « Code criminel ».
193.1		"..., contrairement à l'art. 193.1 du « Code criminel ».

Proof of the Offence

Prouver interception selon l'art. 184 doit inclure : ☐ identité de l'accusé comme coupable ☐ date et heure de l'incident ☐ juridiction (y compris la région et la province) ☐ the culprit "intercepts" a communication ☐ the communication is "private" and ☐ the interception is "by means of any electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device"	Prouver interception radio-based telephone communications selon l'art. 184.5 doit inclure : ☐ identité de l'accusé comme coupable ☐ date et heure de l'incident ☐ juridiction (y compris la région et la province) ☐ the culprit "intercepts" a communication ☐ the interception is "by means of any electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device" ☐ the communication is "radio-based telephone" communication ☐ the communication is "private" ☐ the interception was done "maliciously or for gain" and ☐ either the sender or receiver is in Canada.
Prouver Possession of Intercept Device selon l'art. 191 doit inclure : ☐ identité de l'accusé comme coupable ☐ date et heure de l'incident ☐ juridiction (y compris la région et la province) ☐ the culprit "possesses, sells or purchases" a device; ☐ the device is an "electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device" or a "component thereof"; ☐ the device's "design ... renders it primarily useful for surreptitious interception of private communications"; and ☐ the culprit knew of the design.	Prouver Disclosure of Information selon l'art. 193 doit inclure : ☐ identité de l'accusé comme coupable ☐ date et heure de l'incident ☐ juridiction (y compris la région et la province) ☐ a "private communication" has been intercepted ☐ the interception was "by means of an electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device" ☐ the interception was "without the consent" ☐ the culprit "uses or discloses the private communication or any part thereof or the substance, meaning or purport thereof or of any part thereof," or "discloses the existence thereof" and ☐ the culprit did not have consent of the sender or receiver ☐ none of the exemptions under s. 193(2) or (2) apply
Prouver Disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications selon l'art. 193.1 doit inclure : ☐ identité de l'accusé comme coupable ☐ date et heure de l'incident ☐ juridiction (y compris la région et la province) ☐ the culprit "uses or discloses a radio-based telephone communication" or "discloses the existence of such a communication"; ☐ the culprit does the prohibited act "wilfully"; ☐ the "the originator of the communication or the person intended by the originator of the communication to receive it was in Canada when the communication was made" ; ☐ the "the communication was intercepted by means of an electromagnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device"; ☐ the interception was "without the consent, express or implied, of the originator of the communication or of the person intended by the originator to receive the communication" ☐ the culprit "does not have the express or implied consent of the originator of the communication or of the person intended by the originator to receive the communication."

Interpretation

Exceptions for s. 184

Exceptions are made for:

• interceptions with "the consent to intercept, express or implied, of the originator of the communication or the person intended to by the originator to receive it;" (184(2)(a)). This would appear to include consent of the party recording the communication if they were a party the original communication.
• intercepts with authorization under 184.4 or where there is good faith belief to be acting under such authorization. (184(2)(b))
• intercepted by certain persons who are maintaining the communication service (184(2)(c), (d), or (e))

184
[omis (1)]

Saving provision

(2) Subsection (1) [interception of private communication – exception] does not apply to

(a) a person who has the consent to intercept, express or implied, of the originator of the private communication or of the person intended by the originator thereof to receive it;

(b) a person who intercepts a private communication in accordance with an authorization or pursuant to section 184.4 [immediate interception — imminent harm] or any person who in good faith aids in any way another person who the aiding person believes on reasonable grounds is acting with an authorization or pursuant to section 184.4 [immediate interception — imminent harm]

(c) a person engaged in providing a telephone, telegraph or other communication service to the public who intercepts a private communication,

(i) if the interception is necessary for the purpose of providing the service,

(ii) in the course of service observing or random monitoring necessary for the purpose of mechanical or service quality control checks, or

(iii) if the interception is necessary to protect the person’s rights or property directly related to providing the service;

(d) an officer or servant of Her Majesty in right of Canada who engages in radio frequency spectrum management, in respect of a private communication intercepted by that officer or servant for the purpose of identifying, isolating or preventing an unauthorized or interfering use of a frequency or of a transmission; or

(e) a person, or any person acting on their behalf, in possession or control of a computer system, as defined in subsection 342.1(2) [unauthorized use of computer – definitions], who intercepts a private communication originating from, directed to or transmitting through that computer system, if the interception is reasonably necessary for

(i) managing the quality of service of the computer system as it relates to performance factors such as the responsiveness and capacity of the system as well as the integrity and availability of the system and data, or

(ii) protecting the computer system against any act that would be an offence under subsection 342.1(1) [unauthorized use of computer – form of offences] or 430(1.1) [méfait à l’égard de données informatiques].

Use or retention

(3) A private communication intercepted by a person referred to in paragraph (2)(e) [interception of private communication – exception for quality of service] can be used or retained only if

(a) it is essential to identify, isolate or prevent harm to the computer system; or

(b) it is to be disclosed in circumstances referred to in subsection 193(2) [disclosing intercepted communication – exemptions].

R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 184; 1993, c. 40, s. 3; 2004, c. 12, s. 4.

– [http://canlii.ca/t/ckjd#art184

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Exceptions for s. 191

191
[omis (1)]

Exemptions

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to

(a) a police officer in possession of a device or component described in subsection (1) [possession of interception devices – offence] in the course of his employment;

(b) a person in possession of such a device or component for the purpose of using it in an interception made or to be made in accordance with an authorization;

(b.1) a person in possession of such a device or component under the direction of a police officer in order to assist that officer in the course of his duties as a police officer;

(c) an officer or a servant of Her Majesty in right of Canada or a member of the Canadian Forces in possession of such a device or component in the course of his duties as such an officer, servant or member, as the case may be; and

(d) any other person in possession of such a device or component under the authority of a licence issued by the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness.

Terms and conditions of licence

(3) A licence issued for the purpose of paragraph (2)(d) [possession of interception devices – exemption for authorized persons] may contain such terms and conditions relating to the possession, sale or purchase of a device or component described in subsection (1) [possession of interception devices – offence] as the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness may prescribe.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 191; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 26; 2005, c. 10, s. 34; 2013, c. 8, s. 4.

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Exemptions are made for:

• police officer when in the course of their employment (191(2)(a))
• anyone possessing it the purpose of an authorized interception (191(2)(b))
• anyone who is at the direction of a police officer in the course of his duties (191(2)(b.1))
• a "servant" to Her Majesty or member of the Canadian Forces while in the course of their duties (191(2)(c))
• a person licenced by the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness (191(2)(d))

It is also an offence to possess equipment that may intercept private communications:

Possession, etc.

191 (1) Every one who possesses, sells or purchases any electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device or any component thereof knowing that the design thereof renders it primarily useful for surreptitious interception of private communications is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years.
[omis (2) and (3)]
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 191; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 26; 2005, c. 10, s. 34; 2013, c. 8, s. 4.

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Exceptions for s. 193

193
[omis (1) and (1.1)]

Exemptions

(2) Subsection (1) [disclosing intercepted communication – exemptions] does not apply to a person who discloses a private communication or any part thereof or the substance, meaning or purport thereof or of any part thereof or who discloses the existence of a private communication

(a) in the course of or for the purpose of giving evidence in any civil or criminal proceedings or in any other proceedings in which the person may be required to give evidence on oath;

(b) in the course of or for the purpose of any criminal investigation if the private communication was lawfully intercepted;

(c) in giving notice under section 189 or furnishing further particulars pursuant to an order under section 190;

(d) in the course of the operation of

(i) a telephone, telegraph or other communication service to the public,

(ii) a department or an agency of the Government of Canada, or

(iii) services relating to the management or protection of a computer system, as defined in subsection 342.1(2) [unauthorized use of computer – definitions],

if the disclosure is necessarily incidental to an interception described in paragraph 184(2)(c), (d) or (e);

(e) where disclosure is made to a peace officer or prosecutor in Canada or to a person or authority with responsibility in a foreign state for the investigation or prosecution of offences and is intended to be in the interests of the administration of justice in Canada or elsewhere; or

(f) where the disclosure is made to the Director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service or to an employee of the Service for the purpose of enabling the Service to perform its duties and functions under section 12 of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act.

Publishing of prior lawful disclosure

(3) Subsection (1) [disclosing intercepted communication – offence] does not apply to a person who discloses a private communication or any part thereof or the substance, meaning or purport thereof or of any part thereof or who discloses the existence of a private communication where that which is disclosed by him was, prior to the disclosure, lawfully disclosed in the course of or for the purpose of giving evidence in proceedings referred to in paragraph (2)(a) [disclosing intercepted communication – exemptions – giving evidence].
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 193; R.S., 1985, c. 30 (4th Supp.), s. 45; 1993, c. 40, s. 11; 2004, c. 12, s. 5.

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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"Private Communications", "Interception", and "Telecommunication"

• see Wiretaps

Possession of Intercept Device

A dual function device, such as a recorder that also takes pictures, can be a device that is "primarily useful for surreptitious interception."

Participation of Third Parties

Testimonial Aids

Certaines personnes qui témoignent ont le droit de demander l'utilisation d'aides au témoignage: Exclusion of Public (l'art. 486), Utilisation d'un écran de témoignage (l'art. 486), Accès à une personne de soutien pendant le témoignage (l'art. 486.1), Témoignage par lien vidéo à proximité (l'art. 486.2), Ordonnance d’interdiction de contre-interrogatoire par autoreprésentation (l'art. 486.3), and Ordonnance de sécurité des témoins (l'art. 486.7).

Un témoin, une victime ou un plaignant peut également demander une interdiction de publication (art. 486.4, 486.5) et/ou une ordonnance de non-divulgation de l'identité du témoin (art. 486.31). Voir également Interdictions de publication, ci-dessus ici.

On Finding of Guilt

Offence(s)	Avis d'entente à la victime l'art. 606(4.1) [SPIO]	Victim Queried for Interest in Agreement l'art. 606(4.2) [5+ years]	Avis d'entente à la dédommagement l'art. 737.1	Avis de déclaration d'impact à la victime l'art. 722(2)
s. 184 [interception of private communication]

Sous l'art. 738, un juge doit demander au ministère public avant de prononcer la peine si « des mesures raisonnables ont été prises pour donner aux victimes la possibilité d'indiquer si elles demandent restitution pour leurs pertes et dommages ».

Sous l'art. 722(2), le juge doit demander « dès que possible » avant de prononcer la peine auprès de la Couronne « si des mesures raisonnables ont été prises pour donner à la victime la possibilité de préparer » une déclaration de la victime . Cela comprendra toute personne « qui a subi, ou est soupçonnée d'avoir subi, un préjudice physique ou émotionnel, un dommage matériel ou une perte économique » à la suite de l'infraction. Les individus représentant une communauté touchée par le crime peuvent déposer une déclaration en vertu de l'art. 722.2.

Sentencing Principles and Ranges

Maximum Penalties

Infraction(s)	Élection de la couronne	Pénalité maximale
s. 184 [interception of private communication], s. 184.5 [interception of radio-based telephone communications]	N/A	5 ans d'emprisonnement
s. 191 [possession of interception devices], s. 193 [disclosure of intercepted information], and s. 193.1 [disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications]	N/A	2 ans d'emprisonnement

Les infractions visées par la clause s. 184 [interception of private communication] and 184.5 [interception of radio-based telephone communications] sont des infractions hybrides. Si elles sont poursuivies par mise en accusation, la peine maximale est de 5 ans d'emprisonnement. Si elles sont poursuivies par procédure sommaire, la peine maximale est de {{{3}}}.

Les infractions visées par la clause s. 191 [possession of interception devices], 193 [disclosure of intercepted information], and 193.1 [disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications] sont des infractions hybrides. Si elles sont poursuivies par mise en accusation, la peine maximale est de 2 ans d'emprisonnement. Si elles sont poursuivies par procédure sommaire, la peine maximale est de {{{3}}}.

Minimum Penalties

Ces infractions ne sont pas assorties de peines minimales obligatoires.

Available Dispositions

Offence(s)	Choix du mode de poursuite	Absolution l'art. 730	Suspended Sentence l'art. 731(1)(a)	Stand-alone Amendes l'art. 731(1)(b)	Détenues sous garde l'art. 718.3, 787	Détenues sous garde and Probation l'art. 731(1)(b)	Détenues sous garde and Amende l'art. 734	Ordonnances du sursis (ODS) l'art. 742.1
s. 184 [interception of private communication], s. 184.5 [interception of radio-based telephone communications], s. 191 [possession of interception devices], s. 193 [disclosure of intercepted information], and s. 193.1 [disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications]	N/A

Toutes les dispositions sont disponibles. Le juge peut ordonner une absolution (art. 730), peine avec sursis (art. 731(1)(a)), [[Amendes|amende] ] (art. 731(1)(b)), garde (art. 718.3, 787), garde avec probation (art. 731(1)(b)), garde avec amende (art. 734), ou une ordonnances de sursis (art. 742.1).

Consecutive Sentences

Il n'y a aucune exigence légale selon laquelle les peines doivent être consécutives.

Damages

Damages

194 (1) Subject to subsection (2) [no damages where civil proceedings commenced], a court that convicts an accused of an offence under section 184 [interception of private communication], 184.5 [interception of radio-based telephone communications], 193 [disclosure of intercepted information] or 193.1 [disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications] may, on the application of a person aggrieved, at the time sentence is imposed, order the accused to pay to that person an amount not exceeding five thousand dollars as punitive damages.

No damages where civil proceedings commenced

(2) No amount shall be ordered to be paid under subsection (1) [damages] to a person who has commenced an action under Part II of the Crown Liability Act.

Judgment may be registered

(3) Where an amount that is ordered to be paid under subsection (1) [damages] is not paid forthwith, the applicant may, by filing the order, enter as a judgment, in the superior court of the province in which the trial was held, the amount ordered to be paid, and that judgment is enforceable against the accused in the same manner as if it were a judgment rendered against the accused in that court in civil proceedings.

Moneys in possession of accused may be taken

(4) All or any part of an amount that is ordered to be paid under subsection (1) [damages] may be taken out of moneys found in the possession of the accused at the time of his arrest, except where there is a dispute respecting ownership of or right of possession to those moneys by claimants other than the accused.

R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 194; 1993, c. 40, s. 13.

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Ranges

voir également: Intercept of Private Communications (Cas de détermination de la peine)

Sentencing Ancillary Orders

Forfeiture

Section 192 permits a judge or justice to order the forfeiture of a wiretap device used in the commission of an offence under s. 184 or 191.

Forfeiture

192 (1) Where a person is convicted of an offence under section 184 [interception of private communication] or 191 [possession of interception devices], any electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device by means of which the offence was committed or the possession of which constituted the offence, on the conviction, in addition to any punishment that is imposed, may be ordered forfeited to Her Majesty whereupon it may be disposed of as the Attorney General directs.

Limitation

(2) No order for forfeiture shall be made under subsection (1) [forfeiture devices upon conviction under s. 184 or 191] in respect of telephone, telegraph or other communication facilities or equipment owned by a person engaged in providing telephone, telegraph or other communication service to the public or forming part of the telephone, telegraph or other communication service or system of that person by means of which an offence under section 184 has been committed if that person was not a party to the offence.
1973-74, c. 50, s. 2.
[annotation(s) ajoutée(s)]

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Section 183 defines "electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device".

Damages

Damages

194 (1) Subject to subsection (2) [no damages where civil proceedings commenced], a court that convicts an accused of an offence under section 184 [interception of private communication], 184.5 [interception of radio-based telephone communications], 193 [disclosure of intercepted information] or 193.1 [disclosure of information received from interception of radio-based telephone communications] may, on the application of a person aggrieved, at the time sentence is imposed, order the accused to pay to that person an amount not exceeding five thousand dollars as punitive damages.

No damages where civil proceedings commenced

(2) No amount shall be ordered to be paid under subsection (1) [damages] to a person who has commenced an action under Part II of the Crown Liability Act.

Judgment may be registered

(3) Where an amount that is ordered to be paid under subsection (1) [damages] is not paid forthwith, the applicant may, by filing the order, enter as a judgment, in the superior court of the province in which the trial was held, the amount ordered to be paid, and that judgment is enforceable against the accused in the same manner as if it were a judgment rendered against the accused in that court in civil proceedings.

Moneys in possession of accused may be taken

(4) All or any part of an amount that is ordered to be paid under subsection (1) [damages] may be taken out of moneys found in the possession of the accused at the time of his arrest, except where there is a dispute respecting ownership of or right of possession to those moneys by claimants other than the accused.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 194; 1993, c. 40, s. 13.
[annotation(s) ajoutée(s)]

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Orders

Offence-specific Orders

Ordre	Condamnation	Description
DNA Orders	s. 184 or 184.5	En cas de condamnation en vertu de s. 184 or 184.5, une ordonnance ADN est « discrétionnaire » en tant que secondaire désigné infraction énumérée à l'art. 487.04 (a) ou (b).
Device Forfeiture Order (s. 192)	s. 184 or 191

General Sentencing Orders

Ordonnance	Condamnation	Description
Ordonnance de non-communication pendant la détention du délinquant (l'art. 743.21)	tout	Le juge a le pouvoir discrétionnaire d'ordonner qu'il soit interdit au contrevenant « de communiquer... avec une victime, un témoin ou une autre personne » pendant sa détention, sauf s'il « estime [qu'il] est nécessaire » de communiquer avec eux.
Ordonnances de restitution (l'art. 738)	tout	Une ordonnance discrétionnaire est disponible pour des éléments tels que la valeur de remplacement de la propriété ; les dommages matériels résultant d'un préjudice, de frais de fuite d'un conjoint ; ou certaines dépenses découlant de la commission d'une infraction aux articles 402.2 ou 403.
Suramende pour la victime (l'art. 737)	tout	Une surtaxe discrétionnaire au titre de l'art. 737 de 30 % de toute amende imposée, de 100 $ par déclaration de culpabilité par procédure sommaire ou de 200 $ par déclaration de culpabilité par acte criminel. Si l'infraction survient à compter du 23 octobre 2013, l'ordonnance comporte des montants minimums plus faibles (15 %, 50 $ ou 100 $).

General Forfeiture Orders

Confiscation	Condamnation	Description
Confiscation des produits de la criminalité (art. 462.37(1) ou (2.01))	tout	Lorsque la culpabilité est établie pour un acte criminel en vertu du Code ou de la LRCDAS et que les biens sont des " produits de la criminalité " et que l'infraction a été " commise à l'égard de ces biens ", les biens sont confisqués au profit de Sa Majesté le Roi à la demande de la Couronne. NB : ne s'applique pas aux infractions sommaires.
L'amende tenant lieu de confiscation (art. 462.37(3))	tout	Lorsqu'une Cour est convaincue qu'une ordonnance de confiscation des produits de la criminalité en vertu de l'article 462.37(1) ou (2.01) peut être rendue, mais que les biens ne peuvent pas être "soumis à une ordonnance", la Cour "peut" ordonner une amende d'un "montant égal à la valeur des biens". En cas de non-paiement de l'amende, un jugement par défaut imposant une période d'incarcération sera rendu.
La confiscation d'armes et d'armes à feu (art. 491). 491)	tout	Lorsqu'il y a déclaration de culpabilité pour une infraction où une "arme, une imitation d'arme à feu, un dispositif prohibé, toute munition, toute munition prohibée ou une substance explosive a été utilisée lors de la commission de [l'] infraction et que cette chose a été saisie et détenue", ou "qu'une personne a commis une infraction qui implique, ou dont l'objet est une arme à feu, une arbalète, une arme prohibée, une arme à autorisation restreinte, un dispositif prohibé, des munitions, des munitions prohibées ou une substance explosive a été saisi et détenu, que l'objet est une arme énumérée ou que l'objet connexe est lié à l'infraction", alors il y aura une ordonnance de confiscation "obligatoire". Cependant, en vertu de l'article 491(2), si le propriétaire légitime "n'a pas participé à l'infraction" et que le juge n'a "aucun motif raisonnable de croire que l'objet serait ou pourrait être utilisé pour commettre une infraction", l'objet doit être restitué au propriétaire légitime.
Confiscation de biens infractionnels (art. 490. 1)	tout	En cas de déclaration de culpabilité pour un acte criminel, " tout bien est un bien infractionnel " lorsque a) un acte criminel est commis en vertu de la présente loi ou de la Loi sur la corruption d'agents publics étrangers, b) il est utilisé de quelque manière que ce soit dans le cadre de la perpétration d'une telle infraction, ou c) il est destiné à être utilisé dans le cadre de la perpétration d'une telle infraction. Ces biens doivent être confisqués au profit de Sa Majesté du chef de la province. NB : ne s'applique pas aux infractions sommaires.

History

|Table de concordance (Code criminel) ]]

1993 to 2004

Interception

184 (1) Every one who, by means of any electro-magnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other device, wilfully intercepts a private communication is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years.

Saving provision

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to

(a) a person who has the consent to intercept, express or implied, of the originator of the private communication or of the person intended by the originator thereof to receive it;

(b) a person who intercepts a private communication in accordance with an authorization or pursuant to section 184.4 or any person who in good faith aids in any way another person who the aiding person believes on reasonable grounds is acting with an authorization or pursuant to section 184.4;

(c) a person engaged in providing a telephone, telegraph or other communication service to the public who intercepts a private communication,

(i) if the interception is necessary for the purpose of providing the service,

(ii) in the course of service observing or random monitoring necessary for the purpose of mechanical or service quality control checks, or

(iii) if the interception is necessary to protect the person’s rights or property directly related to providing the service; or

(d) an officer or servant of Her Majesty in right of Canada who engages in radio frequency spectrum management, in respect of a private communication intercepted by that officer or servant for the purpose of identifying, isolating or preventing an unauthorized or interfering use of a frequency or of a transmission.

(3) [Repealed, 1993, c. 40, s. 3]
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 184; 1993, c. 40, s. 3.

– CCC

See Also

• Wiretaps