Confiscation de biens infractionnels en vertu de la LRCDAS

Ang

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Introduction

Le but de la confiscation de biens infractionnels en vertu de la Loi réglementant certaines drogues et autres substances (LRCDAS) est de « veiller à ce que les biens infractionnels ne soient pas restitués au contrevenant et que les intérêts de tiers innocents et de personnes titulaires d'un permis valide ne soient pas restitués ». les intérêts dans la propriété sont protégés."

L'effet recherché est qu'il (1) « punit le contrevenant en lui enlevant les biens qui ont été utilisés dans la commission de l'infraction désignée en matière de substances », avec pour effet sur le profit du commerce ; (2) assure un effet dissuasif en « « augmentant les enjeux » en imposant un « coût très réel » à ceux qui utilisent ou permettent que leurs biens soient utilisés, dans la perpétration d'une infraction désignée en matière de substances » ; et (3) garantit « que la propriété n'est plus disponible pour une utilisation continue dans des activités criminelles », c'est-à-dire pour la retirer de la circulation

Le procureur général peut demander à tout moment après la condamnation la confiscation des biens infractionnels.

Ils doivent démontrer selon la prépondérance des probabilités que les biens sont des « biens infractionnels » par rapport aux infractions reconnues coupables. (article 16(1)). Le procureur général peut également obtenir une ordonnance s'il peut prouver hors de tout doute raisonnable que le les biens sont des « biens infractionnels », mais ne sont pas liés à une condamnation particulière. (article 16(2))

Des personnes innocentes ayant des droits de propriété sur les marchandises peuvent généralement demander le retour des articles lors d'une audience de confiscation. (article 19)

Constitution

Les dispositions de confiscation en vertu de la LRCDAS relèvent de la compétence constitutionnelle de la législature fédérale en vertu de son pouvoir en matière de droit pénal.

1. elle n'a pas été reconnue coupable d'une infraction désignée liée aux biens confisqués ;
2. elle n'a pas acquis le titre de propriété de la personne reconnue coupable de l'infraction relative aux substances désignées dans des circonstances qui donnent raisonnablement lieu de déduire que le titre a été transféré dans le but d'éviter la confiscation ;
3. elle revendique un intérêt dans la propriété ;
4. elle apparaît innocente de toute complicité dans l'infraction relative aux substances désignées ou de toute collusion relative à une telle infraction ; et
5. elle a pris toutes les précautions raisonnables pour être convaincue que les biens n'ont probablement pas été utilisés en relation avec la perpétration d'un acte illégal par la personne à qui le demandeur a permis d'obtenir la possession des biens.

Établir le troisième critère d'un « intérêt » dans le bien. Il doit y avoir un intérêt « véritable et valable ».

L'article 19 se lit comme suit :

Notice

19 (1) Before making an order under subsection 16(1) or 17(2) in relation to any property, a court shall require notice in accordance with subsection (2) to be given to, and may hear, any person who, in the opinion of the court, appears to have a valid interest in the property.

Manner of giving notice

(2) A notice given under subsection (1) shall

(a) be given or served in such manner as the court directs or as may be specified in the rules of the court;

(b) be of such duration as the court considers reasonable or as may be specified in the rules of the court; and

(c) set out the designated substance offence charged and a description of the property.

[omis (3)]
1996, c. 19, s. 19; 2017, c. 7, s. 19.

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Restitution des biens

19
[omis (1) and (2)]

Order of restoration of property

(3) Where a court is satisfied that any person, other than

(a) a person who was charged with a designated substance offence, or

(b) a person who acquired title to or a right of possession of the property from a person referred to in paragraph (a) under circumstances that give rise to a reasonable inference that the title or right was transferred for the purpose of avoiding the forfeiture of the property,

is the lawful owner or is lawfully entitled to possession of any property or any part of any property that would otherwise be forfeited pursuant to an order made under subsection 16(1) or 17(2) and that the person appears innocent of any complicity in an offence referred to in paragraph (a) or of any collusion in relation to such an offence, the court may order that the property or part be returned to that person. 1996, c. 19, s. 19; 2017, c. 7, s. 19.

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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« Complicité ou collusion »

Les principes à suivre quant à savoir s'il y a complicité ou collusion :

Biens immobiliers

Avis

Notice

19.1 (1) Where all or part of offence-related property that would otherwise be forfeited under subsection 16(1) or 17(2) is a dwelling-house, before making an order of forfeiture, a court shall require notice in accordance with subsection (2) to be given to, and may hear, any person who resides in the dwelling-house and is a member of the immediate family of the person charged with or convicted of the indictable offence under this Act in relation to which the property would be forfeited.

Manner of giving notice

(2) A notice shall

(a) be given or served in the manner that the court directs or that may be specified in the rules of the court;

(b) be of any duration that the court considers reasonable or that may be specified in the rules of the court; and

(c) set out the offence charged and a description of the property.

[omis (3) and (4)]
2001, c. 32, s. 53; 2017, c. 7, s. 20.

– CDSA

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Return of Real Property

19.1
[omis (1) and (2)]

Non-forfeiture of real property

(3) Subject to an order made under subsection 19(3), if a court is satisfied that the impact of an order of forfeiture made under subsection 16(1) or 17(2) in respect of real property would be disproportionate to the nature and gravity of the offence, the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and the criminal record, if any, of the person charged with or convicted of the offence, as the case may be, it may decide not to order the forfeiture of the property or part of the property and may revoke any restraint order made in respect of that property or part.

Factors in relation to dwelling-house

(4) Where all or part of the property that would otherwise be forfeited under subsection 16(1) or 17(2) is a dwelling-house, when making a decision under subsection (3), the court shall also consider

(a) the impact of an order of forfeiture on any member of the immediate family of the person charged with or convicted of the offence, if the dwelling-house was the member’s principal residence at the time the charge was laid and continues to be the member’s principal residence; and

(b) whether the member referred to in paragraph (a) appears innocent of any complicity in the offence or of any collusion in relation to the offence.

2001, c. 32, s. 53; 2017, c. 7, s. 20.

– CDSA

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The fairness of the order can be adjusted by the availability of partial forfeiture.

Disposal of Controlled Substances

PART III

Disposal of Controlled Substances

Application for return of substance

24 (1) Where a controlled substance has been seized, found or otherwise acquired by a peace officer or an inspector, any person may, within sixty days after the date of the seizure, finding or acquisition, on prior notification being given to the Attorney General in the prescribed manner, apply, by notice in writing to a justice in the jurisdiction in which the substance is being detained, for an order to return that substance to the person.

Order to return substance forthwith

(2) Where, on the hearing of an application made under subsection (1), a justice is satisfied that an applicant is the lawful owner or is lawfully entitled to possession of the controlled substance and the Attorney General does not indicate that the substance or a portion of it may be required for the purposes of a preliminary inquiry, trial or other proceeding under this or any other Act of Parliament, the justice shall, subject to subsection (5), order that the substance or the portion not required for the purposes of the proceeding be returned forthwith to the applicant.

Order to return substance at specified time

(3) Where, on the hearing of an application made under subsection (1), a justice is satisfied that an applicant is the lawful owner or is lawfully entitled to possession of the controlled substance but the Attorney General indicates that the substance or a portion of it may be required for the purposes of a preliminary inquiry, trial or other proceeding under this or any other Act of Parliament, the justice shall, subject to subsection (5), order that the substance or the portion required for the purposes of the proceeding be returned to the applicant

(a) on the expiration of one hundred and eighty days after the application was made, if no proceeding in relation to the substance has been commenced before that time; or

(b) on the final conclusion of the proceeding or any other proceeding in relation to the substance, where the applicant is not found guilty in those proceedings of an offence committed in relation to the substance.

Order to return substance refused

(4) Where, on the hearing of an application made under subsection (1), a justice is not satisfied that an applicant is the lawful owner or is lawfully entitled to possession of the controlled substance, the justice shall order that the substance or the portion not required for the purposes of a preliminary inquiry, trial or other proceeding under this or any other Act of Parliament be forfeited to Her Majesty to be disposed of or otherwise dealt with in accordance with the regulations or, if there are no applicable regulations, in such manner as the Minister directs.

Payment of compensation in lieu

(5) Where, on the hearing of an application made under subsection (1), a justice is satisfied that an applicant is the lawful owner or is lawfully entitled to possession of a controlled substance, but an order has been made under subsection 26(2) in respect of the substance, the justice shall make an order that an amount equal to the value of the substance be paid to the applicant.

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Disposal by Minister where no application

25 Where no application for the return of a controlled substance has been made under subsection 24(1) within sixty days after the date of the seizure, finding or acquisition by a peace officer or inspector and the substance or a portion of it is not required for the purposes of any preliminary inquiry, trial or other proceeding under this Act or any other Act of Parliament, the substance or the portion not required for the purposes of the proceeding shall be delivered to the Minister to be disposed of or otherwise dealt with in accordance with the regulations or, if there are no applicable regulations, in such manner as the Minister directs.

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Security, health or safety hazard

26 (1) Where the Minister has reasonable grounds to believe that a controlled substance that has been seized, found or otherwise acquired by a peace officer or inspector constitutes a potential security, public health or safety hazard, the Minister may, on prior notification being given to the Attorney General in the prescribed manner, at any time, make an application, ex parte, to a justice for an order that the substance or a portion of it be forfeited to Her Majesty to be disposed of or otherwise dealt with in accordance with the regulations or, if there are no applicable regulations, in such manner as the Minister directs.

Security, health or safety hazard

(2) Where, on the hearing of an application made under subsection (1), a justice is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the controlled substance constitutes a potential security, public health or safety hazard, the justice shall order that the substance or any portion not required for the purposes of a preliminary inquiry, trial or other proceeding under this or any other Act of Parliament be forfeited to Her Majesty to be disposed of or otherwise dealt with in accordance with the regulations or, if there are no applicable regulations, in such manner as the Minister directs.

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Disposal following proceedings

27 Subject to section 24, where, pursuant to a preliminary inquiry, trial or other proceeding under this or any other Act of Parliament, the court before which the proceedings have been brought is satisfied that any controlled substance that is the subject of proceedings before the court is no longer required by that court or any other court, the court

(a) shall

(i) where it is satisfied that the person from whom the substance was seized came into possession of the substance in accordance with the regulations and continued to deal with it in accordance with the regulations, order that the substance be returned to the person, or

(ii) where it is satisfied that possession of the substance by the person from whom it was seized is unlawful and the person who is lawfully entitled to its possession is known, order that the substance be returned to the person who is the lawful owner or is lawfully entitled to its possession; and

(b) may, where it is not satisfied that the substance should be returned pursuant to subparagraph (i) or (ii) or where possession of the substance by the person from whom it was seized is unlawful and the person who is the lawful owner or is lawfully entitled to its possession is not known, order that the substance be forfeited to Her Majesty to be disposed of or otherwise dealt with in accordance with the regulations or, if there are no applicable regulations, in such manner as the Minister directs.

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Disposal with consent

28 Where a controlled substance has been seized, found or otherwise acquired by a peace officer or inspector under this Act or the regulations and the substance or a portion of it is not required for the purposes of a preliminary inquiry, trial or other proceeding under this or any other Act of Parliament, the person who is the lawful owner or is lawfully entitled to its possession may consent to its disposal, and on such consent being given the substance or portion is thereupon forfeited to Her Majesty and may be disposed of or otherwise dealt with in accordance with the regulations or, if there are no applicable regulations, in such manner as the Minister directs.

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Destruction of plant

29 The Minister may, on prior notification being given to the Attorney General, cause to be destroyed any plant from which a substance included in Schedule I, II, III or IV may be extracted that is being produced otherwise than under the authority of and in accordance with a licence issued under the regulations.

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Appels

Suspension d’exécution pendant un appel

22 Par dérogation aux autres dispositions de la présente loi, l’exécution d’une ordonnance rendue en vertu des paragraphes 16(1), 17(2) ou 20(4) est suspendue jusqu’à l’issue :

a) de toute demande de restitution ou de confiscation des biens en question présentée aux termes de l’une de ces dispositions ou d’une autre disposition de la présente loi ou d’une autre loi fédérale;

b) de tout appel interjeté à l’encontre d’une ordonnance de restitution ou de confiscation rendue à l’égard des biens.

En tout état de cause, il ne peut être disposé des biens dans les trente jours qui suivent une ordonnance rendue en vertu de l’une de ces dispositions.

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Voir également

• Contrainte de biens infractionnels