Auditions de mise en liberté sous caution

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• < Procédure et pratique
• < Libération provisoire judiciaire

Principes généraux

The purpose of a "show cause" hearing (or "bail hearing") is to provide an expeditious hearing that is flexible and procedurally informal while still protecting the liberty interests and security of the public.

A bail hearing is not is not meant to like a trial or adopt a sort of complexity.

The key elements of bail hearings are that they are done in a timely manner. This requires a "certain level of informality" including relaxed rules of evidence and expansive application of relevance.

Jurisdicton

Section 493 defines a "judge" within the provisions of bail as:

493 In this Part [Pt. XVI – Mesures concernant la comparution d’un prévenu devant un juge de paix et la mise en liberté provisoire (art. 493 à 529.5)],
...
"judge" means

(a) in the Province of Ontario, a judge of the superior court of criminal jurisdiction of the Province,

(b) in the Province of Quebec, a judge of the superior court of criminal jurisdiction of the province or three judges of the Court of Quebec,

(c) [Repealed, 1992, c. 51, s. 37]

(d) in the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Newfoundland and Labrador, a judge of the superior court of criminal jurisdiction of the Province,

(e) in Yukon and the Northwest Territories, a judge of the Supreme Court, and

(f) in Nunavut, a judge of the Nunavut Court of Justice;

...
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 493; R.S., 1985, c. 11 (1st Supp.), s. 2, c. 27 (2nd Supp.), s. 10, c. 40 (4th Supp.), s. 2; 1990, c. 16, s. 5, c. 17, s. 12; 1992, c. 51, s. 37; 1994, c. 44, s. 39; 1999, c. 3, s. 30; 2002, c. 7, s. 143; 2015, c. 3, s. 51; 2019, c. 25, s. 209.

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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A bail judge is not a "court of competent jurisdiction" for the purpose of Charter violations. Thus, a bail hearing is not the forum for s. 24 Charter relief. Evidence going towards a breach is not relevant. Similarly, applications for prerogative writs such as habeas corpus do not apply.

Burden of Proof

The burden of proof is presumed to be on the crown on a balance of probabilities. The burden is upon the Crown to establish that one of the three grounds for denying bail has been made out unless the offence is one that engages the reverse onus.

Reverse Onus

• Reverse Onus Provisions Under Section 515

Demande d'ajournement de l'audience sur la mise en liberté sous caution

À la demande du procureur, un juge a le pouvoir discrétionnaire de retarder l'enquête sur le cautionnement jusqu'à trois jours « sans » le consentement de l'accusé. (art. 516)

Renvoi sous garde

516 (1) Un juge de paix peut, avant le début de procédures engagées en vertu de l’article 515 [dispositions relatives à la mise en liberté provisoire par voie judiciaire] ou à tout moment au cours de celles-ci, sur demande du poursuivant ou du prévenu, ajourner les procédures et renvoyer le prévenu à la détention dans une prison, par mandat selon la formule 19, mais un tel ajournement ne peut jamais être de plus de trois jours francs sauf avec le consentement du prévenu.

[omis (2) and (3)]

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 516; 1999, ch. 5, art. 22, ch. 25, art. 31(préambule); 2019, ch. 25, art. 227.
[annotation(s) ajoutée(s)]

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Lorsqu'un accusé a été amené devant un juge dans le délai de 24 heures et que la défense et la Couronne sont préparées, le juge doit commencer l'audience « immédiatement ». L'accusé ne devrait pas avoir à « prendre rendez-vous » pour avoir une enquête sur cautionnement.

"[U]nreasonably prolonged custody awaiting a bail hearing" can be a form of unjustified detention. Routine adjournments that are not at the request of Crown or defence are "unacceptable threat to constitutional rights, a denial of access to justice, and an unnecessary cost to the court system." Pleading "lack of resources" is not an answer to imperilling such rights.

Qui peut ajourner

Certains cas suggèrent que les seules personnes qui peuvent demander un ajournement sont soit l'accusé, soit le procureur. Cependant, il existe une certaine autorité permettant de suggérer qu'un tribunal peut ajourner de sa propre initiative dans le cadre de son pouvoir de contrôler son propre processus.

Evidence

• Bail Hearing Evidence

Publication Ban

Section 517 permits a publication ban upon all evidence presented at a bail hearing:

Order directing matters not to be published for specified period

517 (1) If the prosecutor or the accused intends to show cause under section 515 [dispositions relatives à la mise en liberté provisoire par voie judiciaire], he or she shall so state to the justice and the justice may, and shall on application by the accused, before or at any time during the course of the proceedings under that section, make an order directing that the evidence taken, the information given or the representations made and the reasons, if any, given or to be given by the justice shall not be published in any document, or broadcast or transmitted in any way before such time as

(a) if a preliminary inquiry is held, the accused in respect of whom the proceedings are held is discharged; or

(b) if the accused in respect of whom the proceedings are held is tried or ordered to stand trial, the trial is ended.

Failure to comply

(2) Every person who fails, without lawful excuse, to comply with an order made under subsection (1) [Ordonnance ordonnant que des éléments ne soient pas publiés pendant une période déterminée] is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
(3) [Repealed, 2005, c. 32, s. 17]
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 517; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 101(E); 2005, c. 32, s. 17; 2018, c. 29, s. 62.
[annotation(s) ajoutée(s)]

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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This section was found to violate s. 7 of the Charter for violating the freedom of expression but was saved by s. 1 of the Charter and is therefore constitutional.

Application to s. 680 Bail Review

The scope of s. 517 publication bans does not extend to cover the publication of decisions arising from a s. 680 hearing.

Release on Guilty Plea During Bail Hearing

518
[omis (1)]

Release pending sentence

(2) Where, before or at any time during the course of any proceedings under section 515 [dispositions relatives à la mise en liberté provisoire par voie judiciaire], the accused pleads guilty and that plea is accepted, the justice may make any order provided for in this Part [Pt. XVI – Mesures concernant la comparution d’un prévenu devant un juge de paix et la mise en liberté provisoire (art. 493 à 529.5)] for the release of the accused until the accused is sentenced.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 518; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), ss. 84, 185(F); 1994, c. 44, s. 45; 1999, c. 25, s. 9(Preamble).
[annotation(s) ajoutée(s)]

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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See Also

• Grounds of Denying Bail
• Bail Hearings (Until December 18, 2019)