Autodéfense et défense d'autrui

Ang

Cette page a été mise à jour ou révisée de manière substantielle pour la dernière fois June 2021. (Rev. # 6523)

n.b.: Cette page est expérimentale. Si vous repérez une grammaire ou un texte anglais clairement incorrect, veuillez m'en informer à [email protected] et je le corrigerai dès que possible.

• < Droit pénal
• < Défenses

Principes généraux

Self-defence is the right in certain circumstances to respond to force, or threats of force, with force in order to stop the attacker/victim. The attacker/victim is the "author of his or her own deserts”

The defence is a form of justification. Unlike excuses, a justification will not focus on the "human frailties" of the accused. It will render the acts morally acceptable.

Self-defence is entirely codified and does not have application in the common law.

Burden

Once the defence is raised the crown must prove the unavailability of the defence beyond a reasonable doubt.

It is not necessary that the accused prove that there was no reasonable way of withdrawing or retreating from the situation.

Evidence

Good character evidence of the victim will often be relevant and admissible.

Evidence of the victim's "peaceful disposition" is admissible as part of the Crown's case.

Retrospectivity

There is some division on whether the March 11, 2013 amendments apply retrospectively on offences occurring prior to the date of the amendment. In Ontario, s. 34 is not retrospective.

Appellate Review

Findings of a trial judge on reasonableness of the use of force is afforded deference.

Requirements

The current test for a defence of self-defence is set out in s. 34:

Défense — emploi ou menace d’emploi de la force

34 (1) N’est pas coupable d’une infraction la personne qui, à la fois :

a) croit, pour des motifs raisonnables, que la force est employée contre elle ou une autre personne ou qu’on menace de l’employer contre elle ou une autre personne;

b) commet l’acte constituant l’infraction dans le but de se défendre ou de se protéger — ou de défendre ou de protéger une autre personne — contre l’emploi ou la menace d’emploi de la force;

c) agit de façon raisonnable dans les circonstances.

[omis (2)]

Exception

(3) Le paragraphe (1) [Défense – recours à la force ou menace de recours à la force] ne s’applique pas si une personne emploie ou menace d’employer la force en vue d’accomplir un acte qu’elle a l’obligation ou l’autorisation légale d’accomplir pour l’exécution ou le contrôle d’application de la loi, sauf si l’auteur de l’acte constituant l’infraction croit, pour des motifs raisonnables, qu’elle n’agit pas de façon légitime.

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 34; 1992, ch. 1, art. 60(F); 2012, ch. 9, art. 2
[annotation(s) ajoutée(s)]

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

---

The test in s. 34 requires three elements:

1. Reasonable Belief (s. 34(1)(a)): "the accused must reasonably believe that force or threat of force is being used against him or someone else";
2. Defensive Purpose (s. 34(1)(b)): "the subjective purpose for responding to the threat must be to protect oneself or others; and"
3. Reasonable Response (s. 34(1)(c)): "the act committed must be objectively reasonable in the circumstances".

Expressed in another way, the consideration can be broken down to the following elements:

1. the catalyst;
2. the motive; and
3. the response.

Objective Elements

When considering the objective component to the defence, "the court must be alive to the fact that people in stressful and dangerous situations do not have time for subtle reflection."

Air of Reality

The court cannot consider a defence under s. 34 unless there is an air-of-reality to the claim.

First Element: Belief that Force or Threats

This first element requires that the accused had a subjective belief on reasonable grounds that the attacker posed a threat of force and that this belief was reasonable. Absent "reasonable grounds" the defence cannot be "triggered."

Mistake of Fact

The defence can still be invoked even where there is a reasonable mistake of fact. This could include a reasonable belief that the victim was armed. Before the defence can be put to the jury, the judge must be satisfied that the evidence passes the threshold test requiring that "there is evidence upon which a jury acting reasonably could conclude that the accused reasonably believed he was about to be attacked and that this belief was reasonable in the circumstances."

Self-defence is available where the accused was mistaken with respect to the "apprehension of the degree of danger and the nature and degree of the force necessary to defend himself." The mistaken belief, however, must be reasonable.

The trier-of-fact must not "weigh to a nicety" the exact measure of the accused's actions.

The is to be expected that the victim and accused "in the heat of the moment, [view] the scene from different perspectives and benefiting from different information" can come to "reasonable and objectively supported" conclusions that are different.

The assessment of s. 34(2) is an "inherently contextual exercise".

Jury Instructions

Where the trial is before a jury, the judge should give a "Baxter instruction" explaining how the accused "cannot be expected to weigh to a nicety, the exact measure of necessary defensive action"..

A failure to give a "Baxter instruction" is am error of law. However, such an error, on its own is not usually reverseable.

Second Element: Purpose of Force

The second element requires that the accused's subjective intention to use force was exclusively for the purpose of defence. In other words it can be seen as the "motive" for the act.

Any use of force for a purpose other than to repel force will not be lawful. You cannot use "self-defence" as a means to cause harm to someone. The defence will not apply where there is an ulterior motive such as revenge, discipline or desire to control.

Time to Process and Evaluate

The judge should not require the accused to accurately process and evaluate threats in a matter of seconds. The situation is not to be weighed to a "nicety."

Obligation to Retreat

When the accused is alleged to have defended himself or other occupants in his home, he is not obliged to retreat. In these circumstances, a failure to retreat is not a factor in s. 34(2) analysis. A jury is not permitted "to consider whether an accused could have retreated from his or her own home in the face of an attack (or threatened attack) by an assailant in assessing the elements of self-defence.”

The availability of retreat and failure to do so is not a "categorical" exclusion from self-defence. Instead, the option to retreat is a "very relevant consideration" to determine whether there the accused had no other option but to defend himself.

Impairment

It is not appropriate to consider the level of the accused's impairment in determining whether the force used might have been considered necessary by the accused." Nor is impairment relevant to whether "the accused reasonably believed himself to have been assaulted or under a threat of assault" or the amount of force necessary to address the threat.

Intoxication affects the subjective perception of the accused. By contrast, the objective considerations assumes a sober person is facing the threat of force.

Self-induced intoxication does not apply when considering the effect of diminished intelligence or capacity on the reasonableness standard.

Third Element: Reasonableness of Circumstances

Once the first two requirements are made out, the third requirement of "reasonable response" is informed by the non-exhaustive list of factors found in s. 34(2).

34
[omis (1)]
Facteurs

(2) Pour décider si la personne a agi de façon raisonnable dans les circonstances, le tribunal tient compte des faits pertinents dans la situation personnelle de la personne et celle des autres parties, de même que des faits pertinents de l’acte, ce qui comprend notamment les facteurs suivants :

a) la nature de la force ou de la menace;

b) la mesure dans laquelle l’emploi de la force était imminent et l’existence d’autres moyens pour parer à son emploi éventuel;

c) le rôle joué par la personne lors de l’incident;

d) la question de savoir si les parties en cause ont utilisé ou menacé d’utiliser une arme;

e) la taille, l’âge, le sexe et les capacités physiques des parties en cause;

f) la nature, la durée et l’historique des rapports entre les parties en cause, notamment tout emploi ou toute menace d’emploi de la force avant l’incident, ainsi que la nature de cette force ou de cette menace;

f.1) l’historique des interactions ou communications entre les parties en cause;

g) la nature et la proportionnalité de la réaction de la personne à l’emploi ou à la menace d’emploi de la force;

h) la question de savoir si la personne a agi en réaction à un emploi ou à une menace d’emploi de la force qu’elle savait légitime.

[omis (3)]

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 34; 1992, ch. 1, art. 60(F); 2012, ch. 9, art. 2

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

---

Objective and Subjective Test

The test on the third requirement is not solely an objective test. The trier-of-fact should consider "how the accused perceived the relevant facts and whether that perception was reasonable."

The Courts must consider whether the accused "actually apprehended the risk of death or grievous bodily harm" and then consider whether that apprehension is "normatively justified."

Relevant circumstances include a mistaken belief held by the accused.

Factor found in s. 34(2)(f) specifically codifies the decision of R v Lavallee, [1990] 1 SCR 852.

Proportionality

Proportionality is not a necessary element, rather it is a factor to consider in the reasonableness analysis.

This will include consideration of whether the accused reasonably believed that he could not otherwise preserve himself from harm.

Personal Characteristics

In consideration of the objective factors, it is permissible, but not always necessary, to consider the accused's individual personality traits, including diminished intellectual capacity. However, too much emphasis on personal traits would improperly conflate the subjective and objective elements of analysis.

Homicide

Self-defence under s. 34(2) (under the old rules) is a full justification for an intentional killing. It is to be considered in situations of "last resort" where a jury would accept that "the accused believed, on reasonable grounds, that his own safety and survival depending on killing the victim at that moment."

Existence of an assault is not necessary to engage s. 34(2), it is only a question of whether the accused reasonably believe, in the circumstances, that he was being unlawfully assaulted.

Pre 2013 Amendments

• Self-Defence and Defence of Another (Pre-Amendments 2013)

Case Digests

• Self-Defence and Defence of Another (Cases)

See Also

• Consent to Physical Contact