Dispositions pour les jeunes contrevenants

Cette page a été mise à jour ou révisée de manière substantielle pour la dernière fois janvier 2020. (Rev. # 12738)

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Principes généraux

Section 42(2) sets out all youth sentences available to a sentencing judge:

1. reprimand (42(2)(a))
2. absolute discharge (42(2)(b))
3. conditional discharge (42(2)(c))
4. fine (42(2)(d))
5. damages (42(2)(e))
6. restitution (42(2)(f), (g))
7. other compensation such as personal service (42(2)(h))
8. community service (42(2)(i))
9. prohibition, seizure or forfeiture orders, (42(2)(j))
10. probation of two years or less (42(2)(k))
11. intensive support or supervision program (42(2)(l))
12. non-residential programs of no more than 6 months (42(2)(m))
13. custody and supervision order (42(2)(n))
14. custody and supervision order followed by a conditional supervision order (42(2)(o) and (q))
15. deferred custody and supervision order (42(2)(p))
16. intensive rehabilitative custody and supervision order (42(2)(r))
17. any other reasonable and ancillary conditions (42(2)(s))

The section specifically states:

42
[omis (1)]
Peine spécifique

(2) Sous réserve des autres dispositions de la présente loi, dans le cas où il déclare un adolescent coupable d’une infraction et lui impose une peine spécifique, le tribunal lui impose l’une des sanctions ci-après en la combinant éventuellement avec une ou plusieurs autres compatibles entre elles; dans le cas où l’infraction est le meurtre au premier ou le meurtre au deuxième degré au sens de l’article 231 du Code criminel, le tribunal lui impose la sanction visée à l’alinéa q) ou aux sous-alinéas r)(ii) ou (iii) et, le cas échéant, toute autre sanction prévue au présent article qu’il estime indiquée :

a) une réprimande;

b) l’absolution inconditionnelle, décrétée par ordonnance, s’il estime que cette mesure est préférable pour l’adolescent et non contraire à l’intérêt public;

c) l’absolution, décrétée par ordonnance, aux conditions imposées par le tribunal conformément à l’alinéa 38(2)e.1) et l’éventuelle obligation pour l’adolescent de se présenter au directeur provincial et de se soumettre à sa surveillance;

d) l’imposition à l’adolescent d’une amende maximale de 1 000 $ dont il fixe éventuellement les dates et modalités de paiement;

e) le versement par l’adolescent d’une somme au profit d’une personne, aux dates et selon les modalités éventuellement fixées par le tribunal, à titre d’indemnité soit pour perte de biens ou dommages causés à ceux-ci, soit pour perte de revenu ou de soutien, soit pour perte pécuniaire antérieure au procès dans la province de Québec — ou pour dommages spéciaux ailleurs au Canada — afférents à des lésions corporelles résultant de l’infraction et dont le montant peut être aisément déterminé, les autres dommages-intérêts dans la province de Québec, et les dommages-intérêts généraux dans les autres provinces, étant exclus dans le cadre de la peine;

f) la restitution soit à leur propriétaire soit à leur possesseur légitime au moment de l’infraction, dans le délai fixé par le tribunal, des biens obtenus par suite de l’infraction;

g) en cas de vente à un acquéreur de bonne foi des biens obtenus par suite de l’infraction, le remboursement par l’adolescent à l’acquéreur, aux dates et selon les modalités fixées par le tribunal, d’une somme ne dépassant pas le prix que celui-ci avait payé, lorsque la restitution des biens à leur propriétaire ou à toute autre personne a été faite ou ordonnée;

h) l’obligation pour l’adolescent, sous réserve de l’article 54, d’indemniser toute personne qui a droit aux mesures visées aux alinéas e) ou g) soit en nature, soit en services, au titre des dommages, pertes ou blessures découlant de l’infraction, aux dates et selon les modalités fixées par le tribunal;

i) l’obligation pour l’adolescent, sous réserve de l’article 54, d’exécuter un travail bénévole au profit de la collectivité, aux dates et selon les modalités fixées par le tribunal, et de se présenter au directeur provincial ou à la personne désignée par le tribunal et de se soumettre à sa surveillance;

j) sous réserve de l’article 51 (ordonnance d’interdiction obligatoire), le prononcé par ordonnance de l’interdiction, la saisie ou la confiscation, prévues par une loi fédérale ou ses règlements, au cas où un accusé est déclaré coupable de l’infraction qui y est visée, à l’exception de l’interdiction prévue à l’article 161 du Code criminel;

k) une période déterminée de probation ne dépassant pas deux ans, en conformité avec les articles 55 (conditions de l’ordonnance) et 56 (autres matières relatives à l’ordonnance);

l) sous réserve du paragraphe (3) (consentement du directeur provincial), l’obligation pour l’adolescent, imposée par ordonnance, de suivre un programme d’assistance et de surveillance intensives approuvé par le directeur provincial;

m) sous réserve du paragraphe (3) (consentement du directeur provincial) et de l’article 54, l’obligation pour l’adolescent, imposée par ordonnance, de fréquenter un lieu où est offert un programme approuvé par le directeur provincial, aux dates et selon les modalités fixées par le tribunal, à condition que la durée de celui-ci n’excède pas deux cent quarante heures sur une période d’au plus six mois;

n) l’imposition, par une ordonnance de placement et de surveillance, d’une peine maximale de deux ans à compter de sa mise à exécution ou, dans le cas où l’adolescent est déclaré coupable d’une infraction passible de l’emprisonnement à vie prévue par le Code criminel ou par toute autre loi fédérale, d’une peine maximale de trois ans à compter de sa mise à exécution, dont une période est purgée sous garde, laquelle est suivie d’une autre — dont la durée est la moitié de la première — à purger, sous réserve des articles 97 (conditions obligatoires) et 98 (maintien sous garde), sous surveillance au sein de la collectivité;

o) dans le cas d’une infraction prévue aux articles 239 (tentative de meurtre), 232, 234 ou 236 (homicide involontaire coupable) ou 273 (agression sexuelle grave) du Code criminel, l’imposition, par une ordonnance de placement et de surveillance, d’une peine maximale de trois ans à compter de sa mise à exécution, dont une partie est purgée sous garde de façon continue et, sous réserve du paragraphe 104(1) (prolongation de la garde), l’autre en liberté sous condition au sein de la collectivité aux conditions fixées conformément à l’article 105;

p) sous réserve du paragraphe (5), l’assujettissement de l’adolescent à une ordonnance de placement et de surveillance d’une période d’au plus six mois, dont l’application est différée, sous réserve des conditions mentionnées au paragraphe 105(2), et de celles mentionnées au paragraphe 105(3) que le tribunal estime indiquées;

q) l’imposition par ordonnance :

(i) dans le cas d’un meurtre au premier degré, d’une peine maximale de dix ans consistant, d’une part, en une mesure de placement sous garde, exécutée de façon continue, pour une période maximale de six ans à compter de sa mise à exécution, sous réserve du paragraphe 104(1) (prolongation de la garde), et, d’autre part, en la mise en liberté sous condition au sein de la collectivité conformément à l’article 105,

(ii) dans le cas d’un meurtre au deuxième degré, d’une peine maximale de sept ans consistant, d’une part, en une mesure de placement sous garde, exécutée de façon continue, pour une période maximale de quatre ans à compter de sa mise à exécution, sous réserve du paragraphe 104(1) (prolongation de la garde), et, d’autre part, en la mise en liberté sous condition au sein de la collectivité conformément à l’article 105;

r) sous réserve du paragraphe (7), l’imposition, par une ordonnance de placement et de surveillance dans le cadre d’un programme intensif de réadaptation, d’une peine maximale :

(i) sous réserve du paragraphe 104(1) (prolongation de la garde), de deux ans à compter de sa mise à exécution ou, dans le cas où l’adolescent est déclaré coupable d’une infraction passible de l’emprisonnement à vie prévue par le Code criminel ou par toute autre loi fédérale, de trois ans à compter de sa mise à exécution, dont une partie est purgée sous garde de façon continue dans le cadre d’un programme intensif de réadaptation et l’autre en liberté sous condition au sein de la collectivité aux conditions fixées conformément à l’article 105,

(ii) dans le cas d’un meurtre au premier degré, de dix ans consistant, d’une part, en une mesure de placement sous garde, exécutée de façon continue dans le cadre d’un programme intensif de réadaptation, pour une période maximale de six ans à compter de sa mise à exécution, sous réserve du paragraphe 104(1) (prolongation de la garde), et, d’autre part, en la mise en liberté sous condition au sein de la collectivité conformément à l’article 105,

(iii) dans le cas d’un meurtre au deuxième degré, de sept ans consistant, d’une part, en une mesure de placement sous garde, exécutée de façon continue dans le cadre d’un programme intensif de réadaptation, pour une période maximale de quatre ans à compter de sa mise à exécution, sous réserve du paragraphe 104(1) (prolongation de la garde), et, d’autre part, en la mise en liberté sous condition au sein de la collectivité conformément à l’article 105;

s) l’imposition à l’adolescent, conformément à l’alinéa 38(2)e.1), de toutes autres conditions qu’il estime indiquées.

[omis (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16) and (17)]
2002, ch. 1, art. 42; 2012, ch. 1, art. 174; 2019, ch. 25, art. 373.

– LSJPA (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Reprimand

Section 42 permits a reprimand:

42
[omis (1)]

Youth sentence

(2) When a youth justice court finds a young person guilty of an offence and is imposing a youth sentence, the court shall, subject to this section, impose any one of the following sanctions or any number of them that are not inconsistent with each other and, if the offence is first degree murder or second degree murder within the meaning of section 231 of the Criminal Code, the court shall impose a sanction set out in paragraph (q) or subparagraph (r)(ii) or (iii) and may impose any other of the sanctions set out in this subsection that the court considers appropriate:

(a) reprimand the young person;

[omis (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), (l), (m), (n), (o), (p), (q), (r) and (s)]

[omis (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16) and (17)]
2002, c. 1, s. 42; 2012, c. 1, s. 174; 2019, c. 25, s. 373.

– LSJPA (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Absolution

Section 42 permits two types of discharge, an absolute discharge and a conditional discharge:

42
[omis (1)]

Youth sentence

(2) When a youth justice court finds a young person guilty of an offence and is imposing a youth sentence, the court shall, subject to this section, impose any one of the following sanctions or any number of them that are not inconsistent with each other and, if the offence is first degree murder or second degree murder within the meaning of section 231 of the Criminal Code, the court shall impose a sanction set out in paragraph (q) or subparagraph (r)(ii) or (iii) and may impose any other of the sanctions set out in this subsection that the court considers appropriate:

[omis (a)]

(b) by order direct that the young person be discharged absolutely, if the court considers it to be in the best interests of the young person and not contrary to the public interest;

(c) by order direct that the young person be discharged on any conditions imposed by the court in accordance with paragraph 38(2)‍(e.‍1) and may require the young person to report to and be supervised by the provincial director;

[omis (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), (l), (m), (n), (o), (p), (q), (r) and (s)]

[omis (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16) and (17)]
2002, c. 1, s. 42; 2012, c. 1, s. 174; 2019, c. 25, s. 373.

– LSJPA (CanLII), (Jus.)

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The standard applied for discharges of youths is different from that applied to adults. Section 3 and 38 of the YCJA are to be applied.

Conditional Absolution

It is an error of law to apply the two part test for a discharge that is applied to adult offenders under s. 730 of the Code.

Under the YCJA there is no mechanism under which a "conviction" is entered.

There is some suggestions that both best interests of the young person and the public interest are not statutory requirements for conditional discharges.

The primary difference between a youth discharge and youth probation is the effect that it has on the youth's record. A probation record will be accessible for longer than a discharge record under s. 119 of the YCJA. The difference does not necessarily equate to being more lenient.

A youth discharge is different from an adult discharge. The main feature of an adult discharge being an absence of a criminal record is of less importance to a youth.

The difference between youth discharge and youth probation is "minuscule" and is hardly any more "lenient". It is the duration that determines the "strictness/leniency of the sanction and not the vehicle" that is used.

A probationary term is more suitable where the judge wishes that the youth be required to "keep the peace and be of good behaviour" or where future reporting is required.

All offenders receive a youth record whether it is a discharge or a probation order.

Under the test for a discharge, the test will "almost always be met." This is largely due to the fact that there is little public interest in the "record access period."

Leniency of the sentence is determined by the length of the terms and conditions, rather than the difference between probation and discharges.

Effect on Youth Employment

A youth conditional discharge does not protect a young person's career aspirations any more effectively than a probation order.

Terms

There are no mandatory conditions to a conditional discharge unlike a probation order.

Probation

A sentence of probation and conditional discharge are inconsistent with each other and cannot both be applied.

42
[omis (1)]
(2) When a youth justice court finds a young person guilty of an offence and is imposing a youth sentence, the court shall, subject to this section, impose any one of the following sanctions or any number of them that are not inconsistent with each other and, if the offence is first degree murder or second degree murder within the meaning of section 231 of the Criminal Code, the court shall impose a sanction set out in paragraph (q) or subparagraph (r)(ii) or (iii) and may impose any other of the sanctions set out in this subsection that the court considers appropriate:

[omis (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i) and (j)]

(k) place the young person on probation in accordance with sections 55 and 56 (conditions and other matters related to probation orders) for a specified period not exceeding two years;

[omis (l), (m), (n), (o), (p), (q), (r) and (s)]

[omis (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16) and (17)]
2002, c. 1, s. 42; 2012, c. 1, s. 174; 2019, c. 25, s. 373.

– LSJPA (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Deferred Custody

42
[omis (1), (2), (3) and (4)]

Deferred custody and supervision order

(5) The court may make a deferred custody and supervision order under paragraph (2)(p) if

(a) the young person is found guilty of an offence other than one in the commission of which a young person causes or attempts to cause serious bodily harm; and

(b) it is consistent with the purpose and principles set out in section 38 and the restrictions on custody set out in section 39.

[omis (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16) and (17)]
2002, c. 1, s. 42; 2012, c. 1, s. 174; 2019, c. 25, s. 373.

– LSJPA (CanLII), (Jus.)

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A deferred custody order is similar to that of an adult conditional sentence in that it permits rehabiliation outside of true custody.

Probation cannot run concurrently to a deferred custody order.

Deferred custody cannot be ordered where full custody is not an available option.

Intense Rehabilitative Custody and Supervision Order

Section 42(2)(r) permits the court to order an Intensive Rehabilitative Custody and Supervision Order (IRCS Order).

Section 42(7)(a) sets the prerequisites for a IRCS order:

42
[omis (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6)]

Intensive rehabilitative custody and supervision order

(7) A youth justice court may make an intensive rehabilitative custody and supervision order under paragraph (2)(r) in respect of a young person only if

(a) either

(i) the young person has been found guilty of a serious violent offence, or

(ii) the young person has been found guilty of an offence, in the commission of which the young person caused or attempted to cause serious bodily harm and for which an adult is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than two years, and the young person had previously been found guilty at least twice of such an offence;

(b) the young person is suffering from a mental illness or disorder, a psychological disorder or an emotional disturbance;

(c) a plan of treatment and intensive supervision has been developed for the young person, and there are reasonable grounds to believe that the plan might reduce the risk of the young person repeating the offence or committing a serious violent offence; and

(d) the provincial director has determined that an intensive rehabilitative custody and supervision program is available and that the young person’s participation in the program is appropriate.

[omis (8), (9) and (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16) and (17)]
2002, c. 1, s. 42; 2012, c. 1, s. 174; 2019, c. 25, s. 373.

– LSJPA (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Custody and Supervision Order

• Custody and Supervision Orders

Fine

Where a fine or other payment is ordered

54 (1) The youth justice court shall, in imposing a fine under paragraph 42(2)(d) or in making an order under paragraph 42(2)(e) or (g), have regard to the present and future means of the young person to pay.

Absolution of fine or surcharge

(2) A young person on whom a fine is imposed under paragraph 42(2)(d), including any percentage of a fine imposed under subsection 53(1), or on whom a victim fine surcharge is imposed under subsection 53(2), may discharge the fine or surcharge in whole or in part by earning credits for work performed in a program established for that purpose

(a) by the lieutenant governor in council of the province in which the fine or surcharge was imposed; or

(b) by the lieutenant governor in council of the province in which the young person resides, if an appropriate agreement is in effect between the government of that province and the government of the province in which the fine or surcharge was imposed.

Rates, crediting and other matters

(3) A program referred to in subsection (2) shall determine the rate at which credits are earned and may provide for the manner of crediting any amounts earned against the fine or surcharge and any other matters necessary for or incidental to carrying out the program.
[omis (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) and (9)]

Application for further time to complete youth sentence

(10) A youth justice court may, on application by or on behalf of the young person in respect of whom a youth sentence has been imposed under any of paragraphs 42(2)(d) to (i), allow further time for the completion of the sentence subject to any regulations made under paragraph 155(b) and to any rules made by the youth justice court under subsection 17(1).

– LSJPA (CanLII), (Jus.)

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The time to pay may be extended under s. 54(10) of the YCJA.

Victim Surcharge

Funding for victims

53 (1) The lieutenant governor in council of a province may order that, in respect of any fine imposed in the province under paragraph 42(2)(d), a percentage of the fine as fixed by the lieutenant governor in council be used to provide such assistance to victims of offences as the lieutenant governor in council may direct from time to time.

Victim fine surcharge

(2) If the lieutenant governor in council of a province has not made an order under subsection (1), a youth justice court that imposes a fine on a young person under paragraph 42(2)(d) may, in addition to any other punishment imposed on the young person, order the young person to pay a victim fine surcharge in an amount not exceeding fifteen per cent of the fine. The surcharge shall be used to provide such assistance to victims of offences as the lieutenant governor in council of the province in which the surcharge is imposed may direct from time to time.

– LSJPA (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Community and Personal Service

54
[omis (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6)]

Orders under paragraph 42(2)(h), (i) or (m)

(7) No order may be made under paragraph 42(2)(h), (i) or (m) unless the youth justice court is satisfied that

(a) the young person against whom the order is made is a suitable candidate for such an order; and

(b) the order does not interfere with the normal hours of work or education of the young person.

Duration of order for service

(8) No order may be made under paragraph 42(2)(h) or (i) to perform personal or community services unless those services can be completed in two hundred and forty hours or less and within twelve months after the date of the order.

Community service order

(9) No order may be made under paragraph 42(2)(i) unless

(a) the community service to be performed is part of a program that is approved by the provincial director; or

(b) the youth justice court is satisfied that the person or organization for whom the community service is to be performed has agreed to its performance.

[omis (10)]

– LSJPA (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Ancillary Orders

Under s. 51(1), weapons prohibition order under s. 109 also applies to young offenders. The duration of order is 2 years starting at the end of custody or upon issuing a non-custody sentence.(s. 51(2))

Appeals and Reviews

Review of youth sentences not involving custody

59 (1) When a youth justice court has imposed a youth sentence in respect of a young person, other than a youth sentence under paragraph 42(2)(n), (o), (q) or (r), the youth justice court shall, on the application of the young person, the young person’s parent, the Attorney General or the provincial director, made at any time after six months after the date of the youth sentence or, with leave of a youth justice court judge, at any earlier time, review the youth sentence if the court is satisfied that there are grounds for a review under subsection (2).

Grounds for review

(2) A review of a youth sentence may be made under this section

(a) on the ground that the circumstances that led to the youth sentence have changed materially;

(b) on the ground that the young person in respect of whom the review is to be made is unable to comply with or is experiencing serious difficulty in complying with the terms of the youth sentence;

(c) on the ground that the young person in respect of whom the review is to be made has contravened a condition of an order made under paragraph 42(2)(k) or (l) without reasonable excuse;

(d) on the ground that the terms of the youth sentence are adversely affecting the opportunities available to the young person to obtain services, education or employment; or

(e) on any other ground that the youth justice court considers appropriate.

Progress report

(3) The youth justice court may, before reviewing under this section a youth sentence imposed in respect of a young person, require the provincial director to cause to be prepared, and to submit to the youth justice court, a progress report on the performance of the young person since the youth sentence took effect.

Subsections 94(10) to (12) apply

(4) Subsections 94(10) to (12) apply, with any modifications that the circumstances require, in respect of any progress report required under subsection (3).

Subsections 94(7) and (14) to (18) apply

(5) Subsections 94(7) and (14) to (18) apply, with any modifications that the circumstances require, in respect of reviews made under this section and any notice required under subsection 94(14) shall also be given to the provincial director.

Compelling appearance of young person

(6) The youth justice court may, by summons or warrant, compel a young person in respect of whom a review is to be made under this section to appear before the youth justice court for the purposes of the review.

Decision of the youth justice court after review

(7) When a youth justice court reviews under this section a youth sentence imposed in respect of a young person, it may, after giving the young person, a parent of the young person, the Attorney General and the provincial director an opportunity to be heard,

(a) confirm the youth sentence;

(b) terminate the youth sentence and discharge the young person from any further obligation of the youth sentence; or

(c) vary the youth sentence or impose any new youth sentence under section 42, other than a committal to custody, for any period of time, not exceeding the remainder of the period of the earlier youth sentence, that the court considers appropriate in the circumstances of the case.

New youth sentence not to be more onerous

(8) Subject to subsection (9), when a youth sentence imposed in respect of a young person is reviewed under this section, no youth sentence imposed under subsection (7) shall, without the consent of the young person, be more onerous than the remainder of the youth sentence reviewed.

Exception

(9) A youth justice court may under this section extend the time within which a youth sentence imposed under paragraphs 42(2)(d) to (i) is to be complied with by a young person if the court is satisfied that the young person requires more time to comply with the youth sentence, but in no case shall the extension be for a period of time that expires more than twelve months after the date the youth sentence would otherwise have expired. [omis (10)]
2002, c. 1, s. 59; 2019, c. 25, s. 375.

– LSJPA (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Voir également

• Access to Records Relating to Youth Prosecutions