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Version du 15 juillet 2024 à 20:07

Fr

Cette page a été mise à jour ou révisée de manière substantielle pour la dernière fois janvier 2018. (Rev. # 11523)
n.b.: Cette page est expérimentale. Si vous repérez une grammaire ou un texte anglais clairement incorrect, veuillez m'en informer à [email protected] et je le corrigerai dès que possible.

Principes généraux

Voir également: Admissions, Confessions, et Admissions to Undercover Officers or Agents

A "Mr. Big" operation is where undercover officers lure a suspect into joining a fictitious criminal organization culminating in an interview where the officers seek to elicit a confession to the offence under investigation before the suspect can be permitted to join the criminal organization.[1]

Presumption of Inadmissibility

Where the accused gives a statement in the course of a "Mr. Big" operation the statement is presumptively inadmissible.[2]

Burden and Standard of Proof

This presumption can be overcome where the Crown can establish on a balance of probabilities that the "probative value of the confession outweighs its prejudicial effect."[3]

  1. ↑ R c Hart, 2014 SCC 52 (CanLII), [2014] 2 SCR 544, par Moldaver J, aux paras 1 to 2, 10
  2. ↑ , ibid., au para 10 ("where the state recruits an accused into a fictitious criminal organization of its own making and seeks to elicit a confession from him, any confession made by the accused to the state during the operation should be treated as presumptively inadmissible")
  3. ↑ , ibid., au para 85

Admissibility Analysis

The Court's approach takes the form of two phrases. First, the court looks at the admissibility of the confession and second, consideration of whether the doctrine of abuse of process would render the confession inadmissible.[1]

  1. ↑ R c Yakimchuk, 2017 ABCA 101 (CanLII), 352 CCC (3d) 434, par curiam, aux paras 42 to 47

Analysis of Confession

The analysis of the confession requires four steps:[1]

  1. examination of the circumstances in which the confession was taken for admissibility concerns;
  2. look at markers of reliability;
  3. look at the prejudicial effect of the confession for moral and reasoning prejudice; and
  4. weigh the probative value against the prejudicial effect.
  1. ↑ R c Hart, 2014 SCC 52 (CanLII), [2014] 2 SCR 544, par Moldaver J, aux paras 102 to 105
    R c Yakimchuk, 2017 ABCA 101 (CanLII), 352 CCC (3d) 434, par curiam, aux paras 42 to 45

Circumstances of Confession

Examination of the circumstances of the taking of the confession includes consideration of:[1]

  1. length of the operation,
  2. the number of interactions between the police and the accused,
  3. the nature of the relationship between the undercover officers and the accused,
  4. the nature and extent of the inducements offered,
  5. the presence of any threats,
  6. the conduct of the interrogation itself, and
  7. the personality of the accused, including
    1. his or her age,
    2. sophistication, and
    3. mental health
Number of Operations

The number of operations can vary on average between 30 and 70 scenarios over 3 to 8 months.[2]

Relationship

The relationship can be important where the accused is isolated and is made more isolated from the operation.[3] Courts will look at the accused's social ties to family and community to assess the relationship.[4]

Inducements

Inducements are relatively frequent in a Mr. Big operation and do not per se render a statement involuntary.[5] The issue is whether the inducements become "coercive."[6]

Where inducements are financial and the accused is employed, the effect of inducements will be treated as reduced.[7] Where the accused was spending beyond his means which induced him is not by itself sufficient.[8] Nor is lack of employment or receipt of social assistance enough alone to render inducements "overwhelming."[9]

Threats

The presence of threats of violence against the accused or members of the organization will usually render the statement inadmissible.[10]

The court may consider whether there were any demonstrations that show that members who breach rules are not subject to violence.[11]

Threats of a non-violent form are acceptable.[12]

Consideration should also be made as to whether an opportunity is given to the accused or members to withdraw from participation if they do not feel comfortable.[13]

Interrogation

In most cases, the accused will confess for fear of losing his position in the organization and its benefits.[14]

A distinction is made between confession as a "truth verification strategy" as oppose to "false bragging."[15] The bragging confession is considered less reliable.[16]

Personal Traits

A person with an extensive criminal past with "street smarts" will less likely be vulnerable.[17]

  1. ↑ R c Hart, 2014 SCC 52 (CanLII), [2014] 2 SCR 544, par Moldaver J, au para 102
  2. ↑ R c Yakimchuk, 2017 ABCA 101 (CanLII), 352 CCC (3d) 434, par curiam, au para 53
  3. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 55
  4. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 55
    R c MM, 2015 ABQB 692 (CanLII), AJ No 1289, par Horner J, aux paras 115 to 116
    R c Wruck, 2016 ABQB 370 (CanLII), AJ No 725, par Shelley J, au para 22
  5. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 59
  6. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 59
    R c Ledesma, 2014 ABQB 788 (CanLII), 604 AR 68, par LoVecchio J, au para 123
  7. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 59
    R c Mack, 2014 SCC 58 (CanLII), [2014] 3 SCR 3, par Moldaver J, au para 33
    MM, supra, au para 86
    Wruck, supra, au para 22
  8. ↑ Wruck, supra, au para 22
  9. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 59
    R c Allgood, 2015 SKCA 88 (CanLII), 327 CCC (3d) 196, par Herauf JA, au para 58
    R c West, 2015 BCCA 379 (CanLII), 329 CCC (3d) 97, par Frankel JA, aux paras 86 and 100
    MM, supra, au para 86
    R c Johnson, 2016 BCCA 3 (CanLII), 333 CCC (3d) 555, par Frankel JA, au para 66
  10. ↑ R c Laflamme, 2015 QCCA 1517 (CanLII), 23 CR (7th) 137, par Dufresne JA, au para 87
    Yakimchuk, supra, au para 60
    Johnson, supra, aux paras 51 to 52
    MM, supra, au para 175
  11. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 60
    Allgood, supra, au para 13
    R c Randle, 2016 BCCA 125 (CanLII), 384 BCAC 243, par Willcock JA, au para 89
  12. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 60
  13. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 60
    Allgood, supra
  14. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 63
    Hart, supra, au para 32
    R c Perreault, 2015 QCCA 694 (CanLII), 19 CR (7th) 393, au para 15
    Laflamme, supra, au para 86
  15. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 63
    M(M), supra
    R c Campeau, 2015 ABCA 210 (CanLII), 325 CCC (3d) 141, par curiam (3:0)
  16. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 63
  17. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 68

Markers of Reliability

The markers of reliability should include consideration of:[1]

  1. the level of detail contained in the confession,
  2. whether it leads to the discovery of additional evidence,
  3. whether it identifies any elements of the crime that had not been made public (e.g., the murder weapon), or
  4. whether it accurately describes mundane details of the crime the accused would not likely have known had he not committed it (e.g., the presence or absence of particular objects at the crime scene);

The appropriate strength of the "markers of reliability" will vary depending on the "concerns raised by the circumstances in which the confession was made."[2]

Confirmatory evidence is not necessary but is a "powerful guarantee of reliability."[3]

The level of detail given should be considered in light of the complexity of the crime.[4]

The mere fact that the confession correlates to public information does not lessen the probative value of the statement.[5]

Prejudice

The prejudice asks whether the jury will be distracted from the charges because of the amount of time spent on the operation.[6]

It also considers the character evidence that is brought along in with the Mr Big evidence that tends to show his "willingness to engage in criminal activity and his actual participation in that activity."[7]

The prejudicial effect can be "tempered" through the use of jury instructions and editing of the evidence.[8]

  1. ↑ R c Hart, 2014 SCC 52 (CanLII), [2014] 2 SCR 544, par Moldaver J, au para 105
  2. ↑ Hart, supra, au para 105
  3. ↑ Hart, supra, au para 105
  4. ↑ R c Streiling, 2015 BCSC 597 (CanLII), BCJ No 1618, par Power J, au para 139
  5. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 71
    R c MM, 2015 ABQB 692 (CanLII), AJ No 1289, par Horner J, au para 134
    Randle, supra, au para 82
  6. ↑ Hart, supra, au para 106
  7. ↑ Hart, supra, au para 145
    R c Allgood, 2015 SKCA 88 (CanLII), 327 CCC (3d) 196, par Herauf JA, au para 49
  8. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 78
    R c Mack, 2014 SCC 58 (CanLII), 315 CCC (3d) 315, par Moldaver J, aux paras 56 and 61
    MM, supra, au para 164

Analysis of the Abuse of Process Doctrine

The abuse of process phase considers whether the limit state power so as to "guard against state conduct that society finds unacceptable, and which threatens the integrity of the justice system."[1]

Burden of Proof

The burden at this stage is upon the accused to establish an abuse of process.[2]

Violence or Threats of Violence

Abuse of process would include inquiry into the "use of physical violence or threats of violence, and operations that prey on the vulnerabilities of an accused (such as mental health problems, addictions, or youthfulness).[3]

There is nothing wrong with there being an "atmosphere" of violence in order ot give the accused a sense of freedom to discuss their past acts of violence.[4]

However, where the violence is directed at the accused or a member of the organization, this is likely abusive.[5] Violence directed at others less likely abusive.[6]

Simply offering inducements is not enough to be abusive. There must be something beyond that such as a vulnerable accused due to mental health, youth, or substance abuse issues.[7]

  1. ↑ R c Hart, 2014 SCC 52 (CanLII), [2014] 2 SCR 544, par Moldaver J, au para 113
    R c Yakimchuk, 2017 ABCA 101 (CanLII), 352 CCC (3d) 434, par curiam, au para 47
  2. ↑ Hart, supra, aux paras 116 to 117
    Yakimchuk, supra, au para 47
  3. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 47
    Hart, supra, aux paras 116 to 117
  4. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 88
    R c Johnson, 2016 BCCA 3 (CanLII), 333 CCC (3d) 555, par Frankel JA, au para 51
    R c West, 2015 BCCA 379 (CanLII), 329 CCC (3d) 97, par Frankel JA, au para 99
  5. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 89
    Laflamme, supra, aux paras 84, 87
  6. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 89
    R c Allgood, 2015 SKCA 88 (CanLII), 327 CCC (3d) 196, par Herauf JA, au para 13
    Randle, supra, aux paras 88 to 89
  7. ↑ Yakimchuk, supra, au para 91
    Allgood, supra, au para 67
    West, supra, au para 100

Voir également

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