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{{en|Credibility_and_Reliability_of_Child_Witnesses}}
[[en:Credibility_and_Reliability_of_Child_Witnesses]]
{{fr|Crédibilité_et_fiabilité_des_enfants_témoins}}
{{Currency2|janvier|2018}}
{{Currency2|January|2018}}
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{{HeaderEvidence}}
{{HeaderEvidence}}


==General Principles==
==Principes généraux==
There is no fixed formula for dealing with child witnesses.<ref>
There is no fixed formula for dealing with child witnesses.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Marquard|1frx2|1993 CanLII 37 (SCC)|[1993] 4 SCR 223}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Marquard|1frx2|1993 CanLII 37 (SCC)|[1993] 4 RCS 223}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}</ref>


; "Reasonable child" standard
; "Reasonable child" standard
The credibility of children is approached generally in the same way as adults. However, the standard of a "reasonable adult" may not be appropriate as a “reasonable child” may differ from that of an adult.<ref>
The credibility of children is approached generally in the same way as adults. However, the standard of a "reasonable adult" may not be appropriate as a “reasonable child” may differ from that of an adult.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|GB|1fsw6|1990 CanLII 114 (SCC)|[1990] 2 SCR 30}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}{{atL|1fsw6|48}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|GB|1fsw6|1990 CanLII 114 (SCC)|[1990] 2 RCS 30}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}{{atL|1fsw6|48}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|HC|225zl|2009 ONCA 56 (CanLII)|241 CCC (3d) 45}}{{perONCA-H|Watt JA}}{{atL|225zl|42}} ("Credibility requires a careful assessment, against a standard of proof that is common to young and old alike. But the standard of the “reasonable adult” is not necessarily apt for assessing the credibility of young children. Flaws, such as contradictions, in the testimony of a child may not toll so heavily against credibility and reliability as equivalent flaws in the testimony of an adult")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|HC|225zl|2009 ONCA 56 (CanLII)|241 CCC (3d) 45}}{{perONCA-H|Watt JA}}{{atL|225zl|42}} ("Credibility requires a careful assessment, against a standard of proof that is common to young and old alike. But the standard of the “reasonable adult” is not necessarily apt for assessing the credibility of young children. Flaws, such as contradictions, in the testimony of a child may not toll so heavily against credibility and reliability as equivalent flaws in the testimony of an adult")<br>
</ref>
</ref>
Ligne 20 : Ligne 19 :
</ref>
</ref>
The evidence of a child must be approached on a "common sense" basis, "taking into account the strengths and weaknesses which characterize the evidence."<ref>
The evidence of a child must be approached on a "common sense" basis, "taking into account the strengths and weaknesses which characterize the evidence."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|RW|1fsbj|1992 CanLII 56 (SCC)|[1992] 2 SCR 122}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}
{{CanLIIRP|RW|1fsbj|1992 CanLII 56 (SCC)|[1992] 2 RCS 122}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}
</ref>
</ref>


Ligne 50 : Ligne 49 :
; No Corroboration Needed
; No Corroboration Needed
In certain cases, guilt can be found upon the testimony of a single child witness without corroboration.<ref>
In certain cases, guilt can be found upon the testimony of a single child witness without corroboration.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Vetrovec|1lpc2|1982 CanLII 20 (SCC)|[1982] 1 SCR 811}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} ("The common law, rejecting the 'numerical criterion' common to some legal systems, has traditionally held that the testimony of a single witness is a sufficient basis for a criminal conviction.")</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Vetrovec|1lpc2|1982 CanLII 20 (SCC)|[1982] 1 RCS 811}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} ("The common law, rejecting the 'numerical criterion' common to some legal systems, has traditionally held that the testimony of a single witness is a sufficient basis for a criminal conviction.")</ref>


; Inconsistencies
; Inconsistencies
Guilt may also be found despite the presence of inconsistencies on material issues, lack of recent complaint, motive to lie and concoct, passage of time, and recovered memory.<ref>
Guilt may also be found despite the presence of inconsistencies on material issues, lack of recent complaint, motive to lie and concoct, passage of time, and recovered memory.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|François|1frqm|1994 CanLII 52 (SCC)|[1994] 2 SCR 827}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}
{{CanLIIRP|François|1frqm|1994 CanLII 52 (SCC)|[1994] 2 RCS 827}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}
</ref>
</ref>


Ligne 64 : Ligne 63 :
; Recollection by Child
; Recollection by Child
It is recognized that a child "will have a better recollection of events shortly after they occurred" than weeks or months after.<ref>
It is recognized that a child "will have a better recollection of events shortly after they occurred" than weeks or months after.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|F(CC)|1fqwc|1997 CanLII 306 (SCC)|[1997] 3 SCR 1183}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atL|1fqwc|19}} ("It is self‑evident to every observant parent and to all who have worked closely with young people that children, even more than adults, will have a better recollection of events shortly after they occurred than they will some weeks, months or years later.")
{{CanLIIRP|F(CC)|1fqwc|1997 CanLII 306 (SCC)|[1997] 3 RCS 1183}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atL|1fqwc|19}} ("It is self‑evident to every observant parent and to all who have worked closely with young people that children, even more than adults, will have a better recollection of events shortly after they occurred than they will some weeks, months or years later.")
</ref>
</ref>


Dernière version du 14 septembre 2024 à 10:40

Cette page a été mise à jour ou révisée de manière substantielle pour la dernière fois janvier 2018. (Rev. # 19961)

Principes généraux

There is no fixed formula for dealing with child witnesses.[1]

"Reasonable child" standard

The credibility of children is approached generally in the same way as adults. However, the standard of a "reasonable adult" may not be appropriate as a “reasonable child” may differ from that of an adult.[2] "Flaws, such as contradictions, in the testimony of a child may not toll so heavily against credibility and reliability as equivalent flaws in the testimony of an adult."[3] A child should not be held to the same "exacting standards" as an adult.[4] The evidence of a child must be approached on a "common sense" basis, "taking into account the strengths and weaknesses which characterize the evidence."[5]

Difference of Perception

Children "experience the world differently from adults", as such absence of details such as time and place are understandable and not necessarily fatal.[6] Stereotypes of children should be avoided.[7]

Same Standard of Scrutiny

Regardless, the standard of proof for the Crown is always the same and should be examined with the same level of scrutiny.[8]

Applying a higher degree of scrutiny on defence witnesses than Crown witnesses is an error of law.[9]

No Corroboration Needed

In certain cases, guilt can be found upon the testimony of a single child witness without corroboration.[10]

Inconsistencies

Guilt may also be found despite the presence of inconsistencies on material issues, lack of recent complaint, motive to lie and concoct, passage of time, and recovered memory.[11]

Passage of Time

The passage of a significant amount of time between the events and the laying of charges does not by itself warrant any caution.[12]

Recollection by Child

It is recognized that a child "will have a better recollection of events shortly after they occurred" than weeks or months after.[13]

Guidelines

Suggested guidelines include:[14]

  1. the credibility of child witnesses must be assessed carefully (in this context, “carefully” implies no bias either towards accepting or rejecting that evidence);
  2. the standard to be applied in assessing the credibility of a child witness is not necessarily the same as that applied to a reasonable adult;
  3. allowance must be made for the fact that young children may not be able to recount precise details and may not be able to communicate precisely the “when” and the “where” of an event, but their inability to do so should not lead to the conclusion that they have misperceived what has happened to them or who has done something to them;
  4. there is no assumption or presumption at law that a child’s evidence is less reliable than an adult’s;
  5. a common sense approach must be used in assessing the credibility of a child’s evidence, having regard to the age of the child, the child’s mental development and the child’s ability to communicate;
  6. inconsistencies, particularly concerning peripheral matters such as time or place, should not have the same adverse effect on the credibility of a child as it might in the case of an adult, having regard to the age and mental development of the child and other relevant factors;
  7. the burden of proof (guilt beyond a reasonable doubt) remains unchanged when the Crown case is founded upon the evidence of a child or children. Specifically, the rules pertaining to credibility as set out by the Supreme Court of Canada in R v D.W. do not change just because the Crown’s case is founded upon such evidence.
No Assumption of Unreliability

There can be no assumption that a witness is unreliable simply because of their age.[15] However, where the age is particularly young, such as where a 6 year old is testifying to a time when he was under 2 years old, then special considerations should be made.[16]

Child evidence that is graphic, clear, and unambiguous and is consistent with other witnesses are particularly compelling.[17]

Stereotypes of Children

It is an error of law for judges to rely on stereotypes on how children are expected to react in the circumstances of sexual offences.[18]

Methods Used When Interviewing Children

The conduct of a child interview may assist or detract from the reliability of the statement. Features assisting in reliability include:[19]

  • use of a small private room with comfortable seating;
  • limited number of people in the room;
  • questioning that is polite, simple, friendly, and non-leading;
  • absence of any intimidating demeanour, voice or language.
  1. ↑ R c Marquard, 1993 CanLII 37 (SCC), [1993] 4 RCS 223, par McLachlin J
  2. ↑ R c GB, 1990 CanLII 114 (SCC), [1990] 2 RCS 30, par McLachlin J, au para 48
    R c HC, 2009 ONCA 56 (CanLII), 241 CCC (3d) 45, par Watt JA, au para 42 ("Credibility requires a careful assessment, against a standard of proof that is common to young and old alike. But the standard of the “reasonable adult” is not necessarily apt for assessing the credibility of young children. Flaws, such as contradictions, in the testimony of a child may not toll so heavily against credibility and reliability as equivalent flaws in the testimony of an adult")
  3. ↑ HC, supra, au para 42
  4. ↑ GB, supra, au para 48
  5. ↑ R c RW, 1992 CanLII 56 (SCC), [1992] 2 RCS 122, par McLachlin J
  6. ↑ , ibid., au para 24
    R c RRD, 2011 NLTD(G) 78(*pas de liens CanLII)
    R c BEM, 2010 BCCA 602 (CanLII), [2010] BCJ No 2787 (CA), par Bennett JA (3:0)
  7. ↑ RRD, supra
    BEM, supra
  8. ↑ GB, supra, au para 48
    RW, supra, au para 25 (the approach to child evidence does "not mean that the evidence of children should not be subject to the same standard of proof as the evidence of adult witnesses in criminal cases.")
    Marquard, supra, aux pp. 221-222
    R c WS, 1994 CanLII 7208, 90 CCC (3d) 242, par Finlayson JA, au p. 251
    R c PB, [2011] OJ No 423 (SCJ)(*pas de liens CanLII)
    R c TP, 2010 CanLII 79501 (NL PC), [2010] NJ No 414 (P.C.), par Brazil J
  9. ↑ R v Kiss, 2018 ONCA 184, at paras. 82(citation complète en attente)
    R v Howe (2005), 2005 CanLII 253 (ON CA), 192 C.C.C. (3d) 480 (Ont. C.A.), [2005] O.J. No. 39
    R. v. Owen (2001), 2001 CanLII 3367 (ON CA), 150 O.A.C. 378 (C.A.), [2001] O.J. No. 4257
    R. v. T.(T.), 2009 ONCA 613, at paras. 71-74
  10. ↑ R c Vetrovec, 1982 CanLII 20 (SCC), [1982] 1 RCS 811, per Dickson J ("The common law, rejecting the 'numerical criterion' common to some legal systems, has traditionally held that the testimony of a single witness is a sufficient basis for a criminal conviction.")
  11. ↑ R c François, 1994 CanLII 52 (SCC), [1994] 2 RCS 827, par McLachlin J
  12. ↑ R c Betker, 1997 CanLII 1902 (ON CA), 115 CCC (3d) 421, par Moldaver JA - adult testifying to abuse as child
  13. ↑ R c F(CC), 1997 CanLII 306 (SCC), [1997] 3 RCS 1183, per Cory J, au para 19 ("It is self‑evident to every observant parent and to all who have worked closely with young people that children, even more than adults, will have a better recollection of events shortly after they occurred than they will some weeks, months or years later.")
  14. ↑ R c AF, 2007 BCPC 345 (CanLII), par Skilnick J
  15. ↑ R c VK, 1991 CanLII 5761 (BC CA), 68 CCC (3d) 18, par Wood JA, aux paras 18, 33
  16. ↑ R c CF, 1996 CanLII 623 (ON CA), 104 CCC (3d) 461, par Brooke JA, au para 18
    Marquard
  17. ↑ R c Marleau, 2005 CanLII 8667 (ON CA), 197 OAC 29, par Lang JA
  18. ↑ R c ARD, 2017 ABCA 237 (CanLII), 353 CCC (3d) 1, par curiam (2:1)
  19. ↑ R c SS, 2022 ONCA 305 (CanLII), par MacPherson JA, aux paras 86to 89 [in context of a Bradshaw application for a child's statement]

Recovered Memories

The accuracy of memories of children may be affected adversely by the use of therapy. Prudence must be taken in accepting recovered memories.[1]

  1. ↑ PC v RC, 1994 CanLII 7501 (ON SC), 114 DLR (4th) 151, par Corbett J
    R c ZEB, 2006 NSSC 36 (CanLII), par Gruchy J, au para 42
    see also R c GDD, [1995] NSJ No 529(*pas de liens CanLII)
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