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==General Principles==
The burden of proof indicates who has the responsibility or onus to prove something.
Generally, there are three types of burdens. First, there is the "burden of persuasion" (often called a "legal burden", "primary burden", or "major burden"), which is the requirement to prove the case or disprove the defence. Failure to discharge this burden results in the party losing the case. This type of evidence typically is said to impose an "onus of proof". Second, there is the ""evidential burden" (often called the "secondary burden", "burden of going forward",  or "minor burden"), which is the requirement of putting an issue before the court using the available evidence.  Finally, there is a "tactical burden", which is not a legal standard, but rather is descriptive of the strength of opposing counsel's case and the implication of what is needed to overcome it.
; Waiver of Burden for Admissibility
Opposing counsel may waive any requirements of proof that would necessitate a ''voir dire''. There is "[n]o particular words or formula" that need to be utter "to express the waiver and admission. All that is necessary is that the trial judge be satisfied that counsel understands the matter and has made an informed decision."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Park|1txdg|1981 CanLII 56 (SCC)|[1981] 2 SCR 64}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} - voluntariness voir dire<br>
{{CanLIIRP|C(WB)|1cx5m|2000 CanLII 5659 (ON CA)|142 CCC (3d) 490}}{{perONCA|Weiler JA}}{{atsL|1cx5m|41| to 44}}<br>
</ref>
{{Reflist|2}}
===Burden of Persuasion===
A "persuasive burden" is a legal question that asks "how the issue should be decided."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Fontaine|1gzjq|2004 SCC 27 (CanLII)|[2004] 1 SCR 702}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}}{{atL|1gzjq|11}} (“ An “evidential burden” is not a burden of proof.  It determines whether an issue should be left to the trier of fact, while the “persuasive burden” determines how the issue should be decided.”)
</ref>
; Burden Upon the Accused
Section 11(d) of the Charter allocates the burden of persuasion upon the Crown at all times. The section states:
{{quotation2|
; Proceedings in criminal and penal matters
11 Any person charged with an offence has the right<br>{{Ellipsis}}
:(d) to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal;
|[http://canlii.ca/t/ldsx CCRF]
|{{NoteUpCCRF|11}}
}}
This ultimate burden of proof is one that only applies to the total body of evidence, not each separate piece of evidence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Bouvier|gd8wq|1984 CanLII 3453 (ON CA)|11 CCC (3d) 257}}{{atps|264-265}} (CCC){{perONCA-H|Martin JA}}("The standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not apply to the individual items of evidence, or the separate pieces of evidence which make up the Crown's case, but to the total body of evidence upon which the Crown relies to prove guilt...it applies equally where the case depends upon direct evidence or is made up of both direct and circumstantial evidence. ... a serious misdirection to instruct the jury that they must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to each of the separate pieces of evidence upon which the Crown relies to prove guilt.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Stewart|1z6bm|1976 CanLII 202 (SCC)|31 CCC (2d) 497 (SCC),  [1977] 2 SCR 748}}{{perSCC|Pigeon J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Morin|1ftc2|1988 CanLII 8 (SCC)|[1988] 2 SCR 345}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}<br>
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
===Evidentiary Burden===
An evidential burden is not technically a "burden of proof."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Fontaine|1gzjq|2004 SCC 27 (CanLII)|[2004] 1 SCR 702}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}}{{atL|1gzjq|11}} (“ An “evidential burden” is not a burden of proof.  It determines whether an issue should be left to the trier of fact, while the “persuasive burden” determines how the issue should be decided.”)
</ref>
Nor is it a legal question. Rather it is a question of fact.<ref>
{{ibid1|Fontaine}}{{atL|1gzjq|12}} (“[evidential burden] is a matter of law; the second [persuasive burden], a question of fact.  Accordingly, on a trial before judge and jury, the judge decides whether the evidential burden has been met.  In answering that question, the judge does not evaluate the quality, weight or reliability of the evidence.  The judge simply decides whether there is evidence upon which a properly instructed jury could reasonably decide the issue.”)<br>
</ref>
It is the burden to determine "whether an issue should be left to the trier of fact."<ref>
{{ibid1|Fontaine}}{{atL|1gzjq|11}}<br>
</ref>
An evidentiary burden will arise where there is a defence burden to prove that there is an "[[Air of Reality Test|air of reality]]" for a particular defence to apply.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Evaglok|2dkjd|2010 NWTCA 12 (CanLII)|493 AR 371}}{{perNWTCA|Vertes JA}}{{atL|2dkjd|25}}<br>
</ref>
It also arises in a question of whether either party can raise [[Automatism|automatism]] or any other mental illness findings.<ref>
{{supra1|Fontaine}}{{atL|1gzjq|10}}<br>
</ref>
In determining if the evidential burden is satisfied, the judge must not "evaluate the quality, weight or reliability of the evidence."<ref>
{{supra1|Fontaine}}{{atL|1gzjq|12}}<br>
</ref>
{{Reflist|2}}
===Tactical Burden===
A tactical burden is not a term of law, but rather is descriptive of the nature of the opposing counsel's case.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Evaglok|2dkjd|2010 NWTCA 12 (CanLII)|493 AR 371}}{{perNWTCA|Vertes JA}}{{atL|2dkjd|25}} citing Paciocco, The Law of Evidence (5th ed.){{atp|531}}<br>
</ref>
A tactical burden exists where the Crown has established a prima facie case such at in order to raise a doubt the defence may need to respond by calling evidence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Darrach|523t|2000 SCC 46 (CanLII)|[2000] 2 SCR 443}}{{perSCC|Gonthier J}}
</ref>
This "burden" does not offend the right to a presumption of innocence under s. 11(d) of the Charter.<ref>
{{ibid1|Darrach}}
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
=="Might Reasonably Be True" Test==
{{seealso|Weighing Testimony of the Accused|Recent Possession}}
The "might reasonably be true" test arises from the doctrine of recent possession, which is based on the premise that the accused risks conviction for certain offences "unless he or she furnishes a plausible explanation."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Rattray|1qtpx|2007 ONCA 164 (CanLII)|222 OAC 28}}{{perONCA|Gillese JA}}{{atL|1qtpx|14}}<br>
</ref>
The "might reasonably be true" test should not be applied in credibility cases "dealing with contradictory evidence...where the presumption of innocence, and none other, applies." The test amounts to "imposing an affirmative obligation on the defence to either introduce evidence disproving guilt...and undermines the presumption of innocence"<ref>
{{ibid1|Rattray}}{{atL|1qtpx|13}}<br>
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
==Presumption of Innocence==
It is well established at common law that all persons are entitled to the legal presumption of innocence for all charges they are not convicted for.<ref>
{{UKCase|Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions|, [1935] AC 462}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Appleby|1nfms|1971 CanLII 4 (SCC)|[1972] SCR 303}}{{perSCC|Ritchie J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Proudlock|1mktb|1978 CanLII 15 (SCC)|[1979] 1 SCR 525}}{{perSCC|Pigeon J}}{{atL|1mktb|6}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Manchuk|1ttqg|1938 CanLII 6 (SCC)|[1938] SCR 341}}{{perSCC|Duff CJ}}{{atp|349}}<br>
</ref>
The Charter also affirms this burden in s. 11(d):
{{quotation2|
11. Any person charged with an offence has the right{{ellipsis}}
:(d) to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal;
|[http://canlii.ca/t/8q7l CCRF]
|{{NoteUpCCRF|11}}
}}
An ancillary principle to this right, the Crown must also make out a ''prima facie'' case before the accused must respond.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Dubois|1ftw5|1985 CanLII 10 (SCC)|[1985] 2 SCR 350}}{{perSCC|Lamer J}}, at pp. 357 to 258<br>
</ref>
Therefore the Crown has the burden of proving all the elements of the offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lauer|fkdt0|2011 PECA 5 (CanLII)|269 CCC (3d) 127}}{{perPEICA|Murphy JA}}{{atL|fkdt0|73}} (“ One must keep in mind that, one of the most fundamental tenets in criminal law is that the Crown carries the burden of proving the elements of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt.  The accused person is presumed innocent, and there is absolutely no onus or burden on the accused to prove his innocence.  That burden remains on the Crown throughout the trial and never shifts. “)</ref>
The onus of proving guilt never switches from the Crown to the accused.<ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|Briand|2bkzb|2010 NLCA 44 (CanLII)|258 CCC (3d) 416}}{{perNLCA|Harrington JA}}</ref>
The “accused bears no burden to explain why his accuser made the allegations against him”<ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|JCH|2f83d|2011 NLCA 8 (CanLII)|267 CCC (3d) 166}}{{perNLCA|Rowe JA}}{{atL|2f83d|18}}<br></ref>
{{reflist|2}}

Version du 19 juin 2024 à 22:39

Ang

Fr

Cette page a été mise à jour ou révisée de manière substantielle pour la dernière fois January 2012. (Rev. # 2058)
n.b.: Cette page est expérimentale. Si vous repérez une grammaire ou un texte anglais clairement incorrect, veuillez m'en informer à [email protected] et je le corrigerai dès que possible.

General Principles

The burden of proof indicates who has the responsibility or onus to prove something.

Generally, there are three types of burdens. First, there is the "burden of persuasion" (often called a "legal burden", "primary burden", or "major burden"), which is the requirement to prove the case or disprove the defence. Failure to discharge this burden results in the party losing the case. This type of evidence typically is said to impose an "onus of proof". Second, there is the ""evidential burden" (often called the "secondary burden", "burden of going forward", or "minor burden"), which is the requirement of putting an issue before the court using the available evidence. Finally, there is a "tactical burden", which is not a legal standard, but rather is descriptive of the strength of opposing counsel's case and the implication of what is needed to overcome it.

Waiver of Burden for Admissibility

Opposing counsel may waive any requirements of proof that would necessitate a voir dire. There is "[n]o particular words or formula" that need to be utter "to express the waiver and admission. All that is necessary is that the trial judge be satisfied that counsel understands the matter and has made an informed decision."[1]

  1. ↑ R c Park, 1981 CanLII 56 (SCC), [1981] 2 SCR 64, par Dickson J - voluntariness voir dire
    R c C(WB), 2000 CanLII 5659 (ON CA), 142 CCC (3d) 490, par Weiler JA, aux paras 41 to 44

Burden of Persuasion

A "persuasive burden" is a legal question that asks "how the issue should be decided."[1]

Burden Upon the Accused

Section 11(d) of the Charter allocates the burden of persuasion upon the Crown at all times. The section states:

Proceedings in criminal and penal matters

11 Any person charged with an offence has the right
...

(d) to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal;

– CCRF

Note up: 11

This ultimate burden of proof is one that only applies to the total body of evidence, not each separate piece of evidence.[2]

  1. ↑ R c Fontaine, 2004 SCC 27 (CanLII), [2004] 1 SCR 702, par Fish J, au para 11 (“ An “evidential burden” is not a burden of proof. It determines whether an issue should be left to the trier of fact, while the “persuasive burden” determines how the issue should be decided.”)
  2. ↑ R c Bouvier, 1984 CanLII 3453 (ON CA), 11 CCC (3d) 257, aux pp. 264-265 (CCC), par Martin JA("The standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not apply to the individual items of evidence, or the separate pieces of evidence which make up the Crown's case, but to the total body of evidence upon which the Crown relies to prove guilt...it applies equally where the case depends upon direct evidence or is made up of both direct and circumstantial evidence. ... a serious misdirection to instruct the jury that they must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to each of the separate pieces of evidence upon which the Crown relies to prove guilt.")
    R c Stewart, 1976 CanLII 202 (SCC), 31 CCC (2d) 497 (SCC), [1977] 2 SCR 748, par Pigeon J
    R c Morin, 1988 CanLII 8 (SCC), [1988] 2 SCR 345, par Sopinka J

Evidentiary Burden

An evidential burden is not technically a "burden of proof."[1] Nor is it a legal question. Rather it is a question of fact.[2] It is the burden to determine "whether an issue should be left to the trier of fact."[3]

An evidentiary burden will arise where there is a defence burden to prove that there is an "air of reality" for a particular defence to apply.[4]

It also arises in a question of whether either party can raise automatism or any other mental illness findings.[5]

In determining if the evidential burden is satisfied, the judge must not "evaluate the quality, weight or reliability of the evidence."[6]

  1. ↑ R c Fontaine, 2004 SCC 27 (CanLII), [2004] 1 SCR 702, par Fish J, au para 11 (“ An “evidential burden” is not a burden of proof. It determines whether an issue should be left to the trier of fact, while the “persuasive burden” determines how the issue should be decided.”)
  2. ↑ , ibid., au para 12 (“[evidential burden] is a matter of law; the second [persuasive burden], a question of fact. Accordingly, on a trial before judge and jury, the judge decides whether the evidential burden has been met. In answering that question, the judge does not evaluate the quality, weight or reliability of the evidence. The judge simply decides whether there is evidence upon which a properly instructed jury could reasonably decide the issue.”)
  3. ↑ , ibid., au para 11
  4. ↑ R c Evaglok, 2010 NWTCA 12 (CanLII), 493 AR 371, par Vertes JA, au para 25
  5. ↑ Fontaine, supra, au para 10
  6. ↑ Fontaine, supra, au para 12

Tactical Burden

A tactical burden is not a term of law, but rather is descriptive of the nature of the opposing counsel's case.[1] A tactical burden exists where the Crown has established a prima facie case such at in order to raise a doubt the defence may need to respond by calling evidence.[2]

This "burden" does not offend the right to a presumption of innocence under s. 11(d) of the Charter.[3]

  1. ↑ R c Evaglok, 2010 NWTCA 12 (CanLII), 493 AR 371, par Vertes JA, au para 25 citing Paciocco, The Law of Evidence (5th ed.), au p. 531
  2. ↑ R c Darrach, 2000 SCC 46 (CanLII), [2000] 2 SCR 443, par Gonthier J
  3. ↑ , ibid.

"Might Reasonably Be True" Test

Voir également: Weighing Testimony of the Accused et Recent Possession

The "might reasonably be true" test arises from the doctrine of recent possession, which is based on the premise that the accused risks conviction for certain offences "unless he or she furnishes a plausible explanation."[1]

The "might reasonably be true" test should not be applied in credibility cases "dealing with contradictory evidence...where the presumption of innocence, and none other, applies." The test amounts to "imposing an affirmative obligation on the defence to either introduce evidence disproving guilt...and undermines the presumption of innocence"[2]

  1. ↑ R c Rattray, 2007 ONCA 164 (CanLII), 222 OAC 28, par Gillese JA, au para 14
  2. ↑ , ibid., au para 13

Presumption of Innocence

It is well established at common law that all persons are entitled to the legal presumption of innocence for all charges they are not convicted for.[1]

The Charter also affirms this burden in s. 11(d):

11. Any person charged with an offence has the right...

(d) to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal;

– CCRF

Note up: 11

An ancillary principle to this right, the Crown must also make out a prima facie case before the accused must respond.[2]

Therefore the Crown has the burden of proving all the elements of the offence.[3] The onus of proving guilt never switches from the Crown to the accused.[4] The “accused bears no burden to explain why his accuser made the allegations against him”[5]

  1. ↑ Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions , [1935] AC 462 (UK)
    R c Appleby, 1971 CanLII 4 (SCC), [1972] SCR 303, par Ritchie J
    R c Proudlock, 1978 CanLII 15 (SCC), [1979] 1 SCR 525, par Pigeon J, au para 6
    R c Manchuk, 1938 CanLII 6 (SCC), [1938] SCR 341, par Duff CJ, au p. 349
  2. ↑ R c Dubois, 1985 CanLII 10 (SCC), [1985] 2 SCR 350, par Lamer J, at pp. 357 to 258
  3. ↑ R c Lauer, 2011 PECA 5 (CanLII), 269 CCC (3d) 127, par Murphy JA, au para 73 (“ One must keep in mind that, one of the most fundamental tenets in criminal law is that the Crown carries the burden of proving the elements of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt. The accused person is presumed innocent, and there is absolutely no onus or burden on the accused to prove his innocence. That burden remains on the Crown throughout the trial and never shifts. “)
  4. ↑ see R c Briand, 2010 NLCA 44 (CanLII), 258 CCC (3d) 416, par Harrington JA
  5. ↑ see R c JCH, 2011 NLCA 8 (CanLII), 267 CCC (3d) 166, par Rowe JA, au para 18
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