« Obligation de la Couronne de divulguer » : différence entre les versions

De Le carnet de droit pénal
m Remplacement de texte : « ==General Principles== » par « ==Principes généraux== »
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{{en|Crown_Duty_to_Disclose}}
{{en|Crown_Duty_to_Disclose}}
{{fr|Obligation_de_la_Couronne_de_divulguer}}
{{Currency2|June|2021}}
{{Currency2|June|2021}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderDisclosure}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderDisclosure}}
==Principes généraux==
==Principes généraux==
{{seealso|Principles of Fundamental Justice}}
{{seealso|Principes de justice fondamentale}}
The Crown must disclose all materials and information that is in its possession or control that is not clearly irrelevant, regardless of if the evidence is to be called at trial or is inculpatory or exculpatory.<ref>
La Couronne doit divulguer tous les documents et informations en sa possession ou sous son contrôle qui ne sont pas clairement dénués de pertinence, peu importe si la preuve doit être présentée au procès ou si elle est inculpatoire ou disculpatoire.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0) at 339 and 343 (Stinchcombe #1)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0) at 339 and 343 (Stinchcombe #1)<br>
See also {{ibid1|Stinchcombe #1}}{{atL|1fsgp|20}} ("[w]hile the Crown must err on the side of inclusion, it need not produced what is clearly irrelevant")
See also {{ibid1|Stinchcombe #1}}{{atL|1fsgp|20}} ("[w]hile the Crown must err on the side of inclusion, it need not produced what is clearly irrelevant")
Ligne 14 : Ligne 13 :
</ref>
</ref>


The right to disclosures premised upon (1) the right to know the case to meet and (2) the right to make full answer in defence of an offence charged.<ref>
Le droit aux divulgations repose sur (1) le droit de connaître les arguments à défendre et (2) le droit de présenter une réponse complète pour la défense d'une infraction accusée.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Bottineau|232gk|2005 CanLII 63780 (ON SC)|32 CR (6th) 70}}{{perONSC|Watt J}}{{atL|232gk|31}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Bottineau|232gk|2005 CanLII 63780 (ON SC)|32 CR (6th) 70}}{{perONSC|Watt J}}{{atL|232gk|31}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Mills|1fqkl|1999 CanLII 637 (SCC)|[1999] 3 SCR 668}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin and Iacobucci JJ}} (7:1){{atps|682 to 683}} ("the right of an accused ot make full answer and defence is a pillar of criminal justice on which we rely heavily to prevent the conviction of the innocent... The Crown's constitutional and ethical duty to disclose all information in its possession reasonably capable of affecting the accused's ability to raise a reasonable doubt concerning his innocence"<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Mills|1fqkl|1999 CanLII 637 (SCC)|[1999] 3 SCR 668}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin and Iacobucci JJ}} (7:1){{atps|682 to 683}} ("the right of an accused ot make full answer and defence is a pillar of criminal justice on which we rely heavily to prevent the conviction of the innocent... The Crown's constitutional and ethical duty to disclose all information in its possession reasonably capable of affecting the accused's ability to raise a reasonable doubt concerning his innocence"<br>
</ref>
</ref>


Materials in possession of the Crown are not the "property" of the Crown but rather is the "property of the public to be used to ensure that justice is done."<ref>
Les documents en possession de la Couronne ne sont pas la « propriété » de la Couronne, mais plutôt la « propriété du public qui doit être utilisé pour garantir que justice soit rendue ».<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Darwish|2843v|2010 ONCA 124 (CanLII)|252 CCC (3d) 1}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}}{{atL|2843|33}}
{{CanLIIRP|Darwish|2843v|2010 ONCA 124 (CanLII)|252 CCC (3d) 1}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}}{{atL|2843|33}}
</ref>
</ref>


; Purpose
; But
The right to disclosure is founded in the principle of fair play between parties<ref>
Le droit à la divulgation est fondé sur le principe du fair-play entre les parties<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lemay|21v5b|1951 CanLII 27 (SCC)|[1952] 1 SCR 232}}{{perSCC|Locke J}} (8:1)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Lemay|21v5b|1951 CanLII 27 (SCC)|[1952] 1 SCR 232}}{{perSCC|Locke J}} (8:1)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Boucher|1nlk7|1954 CanLII 3 (SCC)|[1955] SCR 16}}{{perSCC|Kerwin J}} (7:2)</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Boucher|1nlk7|1954 CanLII 3 (SCC)|[1955] SCR 16}}{{perSCC|Kerwin J}} (7:2)</ref>
Ligne 33 : Ligne 32 :
</ref>
</ref>


When the Crown receives evidence it is not information that it holds in trust for the witness, rather it is "property of the public, to ensure that justice is done."<ref>
Lorsque la Couronne reçoit des preuves, il ne s'agit pas d'informations qu'elle détient en fiducie pour le témoin, mais plutôt de « la propriété du public, afin de garantir que justice soit rendue ».<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0) {{atL|1fsgp|12}}
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0) {{atL|1fsgp|12}}
</ref>
</ref>


The right to disclosure is "among the most important and fundamental rights guaranteed to an accused in the criminal process."<ref>
Le droit à la divulgation fait « partie des droits les plus importants et fondamentaux garantis à un accusé dans le cadre d’une procédure pénale ».<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Floria|21fcj|2008 CanLII 57160 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC|Croll J}}{{atL|21fcj|19}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Floria|21fcj|2008 CanLII 57160 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC|Croll J}}{{atL|21fcj|19}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


The right is guaranteed by the right to full answer and defence under s. 7 of the Charter.<ref>
Ce droit est garanti par le droit à une réponse et une défense pleine et entière en vertu de l’art. 7 de la Charte.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Chaplin|1frl0|1995 CanLII 126 (SCC)|[1995] 1 SCR 727}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (9:0){{atp|742}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Chaplin|1frl0|1995 CanLII 126 (SCC)|[1995] 1 SCR 727}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (9:0){{atp|742}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Carosella|1fr3p|1997 CanLII 402 (SCC)|[1997] 1 SCR 80}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}{{atp|106}} ("The right to disclosure of material which meets the Stinchcombe threshold is one of the components of the right to make full answer and defence which in turn is a principle of fundamental justice embraced by s. 7 of the Charter. ")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Carosella|1fr3p|1997 CanLII 402 (SCC)|[1997] 1 SCR 80}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}{{atp|106}} ("The right to disclosure of material which meets the Stinchcombe threshold is one of the components of the right to make full answer and defence which in turn is a principle of fundamental justice embraced by s. 7 of the Charter. ")<br>
</ref>
</ref>


The Crown is not an "ordinary litigant". It's "undivided loyalty is to the proper administration of justice."<Ref>
La Couronne n'est pas un « plaideur ordinaire ». C'est « une loyauté sans faille envers la bonne administration de la justice ».
{{CanLIIRx|Esseghaier|jdpfz|2021 ONCA 162 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|jdpfz|26}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRx|Esseghaier|jdpfz|2021 ONCA 162 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|jdpfz|26}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|McNeil|2254d|2009 SCC 3 (CanLII)|[2009] 1 SCR 66}}{{perSCC-H|Charron J}} (8:0){{atsL|2254d|17|, 49}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|McNeil|2254d|2009 SCC 3 (CanLII)|[2009] 1 SCR 66}}{{perSCC-H|Charron J}} (8:0){{atsL|2254d|17|, 49}}<Br>
</ref>
</ref>


There is also a common law duty to provide "full and fair disclosure is a fundamental aspect of the Crown's duty to serve the Court as a faithful public agent, entrusted not with winning or losing trials."<ref>
Il existe également une obligation de common law de fournir « une divulgation complète et équitable qui constitue un aspect fondamental du devoir de la Couronne de servir la Cour en tant qu'agent public fidèle, chargé non de gagner ou de perdre des procès. »<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|O'Connor|1frdh|1995 CanLII 51 (SCC)|[1995] 4 SCR 411}}{{perSCC|L'Heureux‑Dubé J}} (6:3)
{{CanLIIRP|O'Connor|1frdh|1995 CanLII 51 (SCC)|[1995] 4 SCR 411}}{{perSCC|L'Heureux‑Dubé J}} (6:3)
</ref>
</ref>


The obligation also arises from "the premise that material in possession of the prosecutorial authorities that is relevant to a criminal prosecution is not the 'property' of the Crown, but is rather 'the property of the public to be used to ensure that justice is done'"<ref>
L'obligation découle également de « la prémisse selon laquelle les documents en possession des autorités chargées des poursuites et qui sont pertinents dans le cadre d'une poursuite pénale ne sont pas la « propriété » de la Couronne, mais sont plutôt « la propriété du public qui doit être utilisé pour garantir que la justice soit rendue ». fait'"<ref>
{{supra1|Darwish}}{{atL|2843v|33}}<br>
{{supra1|Darwish}}{{atL|2843v|33}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326, [1991] SCJ No 83}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0){{atp|333}} [SCR]<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326, [1991] SCJ No 83}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0){{atp|333}} [SCR]<br>
</ref>
</ref>


This right is found codified under s. 650(3) and s. 802 of the Criminal Code which state:
Ce droit se trouve codifié à l'art. 650(3) et l'art. 802 du Code criminel qui stipule :
{{quotation2|
{{quotation2|
s.650<br>
650<br>
{{removed|(1), (1.1), (1.2) and (2)}}
{{removed|(1), (1.1), (1.2) and (2)}}
; To make defence
; Droit de présenter sa défense
(3) An accused is entitled, after the close of the case for the prosecution, to make full answer and defence personally or by counsel.
(3) Un accusé a droit, après que la poursuite a terminé son exposé, de présenter, personnellement ou par avocat, une pleine réponse et défense.
<br>
<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 650; {{LegHistory90s|1991, c. 43}}, s. 9; {{LegHistory90s|1994, c. 44}}, s. 61; {{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 77; {{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 60; {{LegHistory00s|2003, c. 21}}, s. 12.
L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 6501991, ch. 43, art. 91994, ch. 44, art. 611997, ch. 18, art. 772002, ch. 13, art. 60;
2003, ch. 21, art. 12;
2019, ch. 25, art. 274;
2022, ch. 17, art. 39.
|{{CCCSec2|650}}
|{{CCCSec2|650}}
|{{NoteUp|650|3}}
|{{NoteUp|650|3}}
}}
}}
{{quotation2|
{{quotation2|
; Right to make full answer and defence
; Droit à réponse et défense complète
802 (1) The prosecutor is entitled personally to conduct his case and the defendant is entitled to make his full answer and defence.
802 (1) Le poursuivant a le droit de conduire personnellement sa cause, et le défendeur a le droit d’y faire une réponse et défense complète.
<br>{{removed|(2) and (3)}}
<br>{{removed|(2) and (3)}}
R.S., c. C-34, s. 737.
S.R., ch. C-34, art. 737.
|{{CCCSec2|802}}
|{{CCCSec2|802}}
|{{NoteUp|802|1}}
|{{NoteUp|802|1}}
}}
}}


The Crown has an obligation to obtain from an investigative agency any relevant information that it is aware of and must "take reasonable step to inquire about ...relevant information."<ref>
La Couronne a l'obligation d'obtenir d'un organisme d'enquête toute information pertinente dont elle a connaissance et doit « prendre des mesures raisonnables pour s'enquérir de... informations pertinentes ».<ref>
{{supra1|Darwish}}{{atL|2843v|31}}<br>
{{supra1|Darwish}}{{atL|2843v|31}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|LAT|1npp1|1993 CanLII 3382 (ON CA)|84 CCC (3d) 90}}{{perONCA|Lacourcière JA}} (3:0) ("The Crown has a duty to obtain from the police -- and the police have a corresponding duty to provide to the Crown -- all relevant information and material concerning the case.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|LAT|1npp1|1993 CanLII 3382 (ON CA)|84 CCC (3d) 90}}{{perONCA|Lacourcière JA}} (3:0) ("The Crown has a duty to obtain from the police -- and the police have a corresponding duty to provide to the Crown -- all relevant information and material concerning the case.")<br>
Ligne 86 : Ligne 88 :
</ref>
</ref>


The duty to make disclosure creates a duty upon the crown to obtain the disclosure from the police and, likewise, the police have a corresponding duty to provide disclosure to the crown. <ref>
L'obligation de divulgation crée une obligation pour la Couronne d'obtenir la divulgation de la police et, de même, la police a une obligation correspondante de fournir la divulgation à la Couronne. <réf>
{{supra2|1npp1|LAT}}
{{supra2|1npp1|LAT}}
</ref>
</ref>


These obligations are jointly held by both Crown and police.<ref>
Ces obligations incombent conjointement à la Couronne et à la police.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|McNeil|2254d|2009 SCC 3 (CanLII)|[2009] 1 SCR 66}}{{perSCC-H|Charron J}} (8:0){{AtL|2254d|14}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|McNeil|2254d|2009 SCC 3 (CanLII)|[2009] 1 SCR 66}}{{perSCC-H|Charron J}} (8:0){{AtL|2254d|14}}</ref>


The "Stinchcombe disclosure regime" only applies to "material relating to the accused’s case" that are "in the possession or control" of the Crown.<ref>
Le « régime de divulgation Stinchcombe » s’applique uniquement aux « documents relatifs au dossier de l’accusé » qui sont « en possession ou sous le contrôle » de la Couronne.<ref>
{{supra1|McNeil}}{{atL|2254d|22}}</ref>
{{supra1|McNeil}}{{atL|2254d|22}}</ref>


When confronted by a "pure fishing expedition", the Crown has no obligation to discover or disclose records.<ref>
Lorsqu'elle est confrontée à une « pure expédition de pêche », la Couronne n'a aucune obligation de découvrir ou de divulguer des documents.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Gingras|1p6kb|1992 CanLII 2826 (AB CA)|71 CCC (3d) 53}}{{TheCourtABCA}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Gingras|1p6kb|1992 CanLII 2826 (AB CA)|71 CCC (3d) 53}}{{TheCourtABCA}}</ref>


Police records from an unrelated file that is not in possession of the prosecuting Crown is not subject to first-party disclosure.<ref>
Les dossiers de police provenant d'un dossier sans rapport qui n'est pas en possession de la Couronne poursuivante ne sont pas sujets à la divulgation par la première partie.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Thompson|22s5d|2009 ONCA 243 (CanLII)|243 CCC (3d) 331}}{{perONCA|Goudge JA}} (3:0)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Thompson|22s5d|2009 ONCA 243 (CanLII)|243 CCC (3d) 331}}{{perONCA|Goudge JA}} (3:0)<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Schertzer|fvsg9|2011 ONSC 65 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Pardu J}}{{atL|fvsg9|41}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Schertzer|fvsg9|2011 ONSC 65 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Pardu J}}{{atL|fvsg9|41}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


The right does not distinguish between inadmissible and admissible evidence.<ref>
Ce droit ne fait pas de distinction entre les preuves irrecevables et recevables.<ref>
{{supra1|Bottineau}}{{atL|232gk|31}}
{{supra1|Bottineau}}{{atL|232gk|31}}
</ref>
</réf>


The Crown should advise a self-represented accused of the right to disclosure. The judge should not take a plea until satisfied that the accused has been notified.<ref>
La Couronne devrait informer l'accusé non représenté de son droit à la divulgation. Le juge ne devrait pas accepter de plaidoyer tant qu'il n'est pas convaincu que l'accusé a été informé.<ref>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}{{atp|343}}
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}{{atp|343}}
("In the rare cases in which the accused is unrepresented, Crown counsel should advise the accused of his right to disclosure and a plea should not be taken unless the trial judge is satisfied that this has been done.")
("In the rare cases in which the accused is unrepresented, Crown counsel should advise the accused of his right to disclosure and a plea should not be taken unless the trial judge is satisfied that this has been done.")
</ref>
</ref>


; Case-to-Meet Principle
; Principe de cas à rencontre
The doctrine of the "case-to-meet" is a fundamental requirement of a fair trial. It is protected by the common law and the Constitution.<ref>
La doctrine du « cas-to-rencontre » est une exigence fondamentale d’un procès équitable. Il est protégé par la common law et la Constitution.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Heaton|gft9g|2014 SKCA 140 (CanLII)|318 CCC (3d) 115}}{{perSKCA|Jackson JA}} (3:0){{atL|gft9g|24}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Heaton|gft9g|2014 SKCA 140 (CanLII)|318 CCC (3d) 115}}{{perSKCA|Jackson JA}} (3:0){{atL|gft9g|24}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Underwood|1fqwz|1998 CanLII 839 (SCC)|[1998] 1 SCR 77}}{{perSCC|Lamer CJ}} (5:0){{atL|1fqwz|5}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Underwood|1fqwz|1998 CanLII 839 (SCC)|[1998] 1 SCR 77}}{{perSCC|Lamer CJ}} (5:0){{atL|1fqwz|5}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


; History
; Histoire
Prior to the 1991 release of the decision of R v Stinchcombe, the general duty to disclosed varied between jurisdictions. The Crown had some discretion to withhold evidence that was deemed uncredible.<Ref>
Avant la publication en 1991 de la décision R contre Stinchcombe, l'obligation générale de divulgation variait selon les juridictions. La Couronne avait un certain pouvoir discrétionnaire pour retenir des preuves jugées peu crédibles.<Ref>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}
</ref>
</ref>
Ligne 126 : Ligne 128 :
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==First-Party Disclosure Principles and Obligations ("Stinchcombe")==
==Principes et obligations de divulgation de première partie (« Stinchcombe »)==
The Martin Committee produced a report considering the decision. The report detailed the principles of the case{{atp|146}}:
Le comité Martin a produit un rapport considérant la décision. Le rapport détaillait les principes de l'affaire {{atp|146}} :
# The fruits of the investigation which are in the possession of the Crown are not the property of the Crown for the use in securing a conviction, but, rather, are the property of the public to ensure that justice is done.<ref>
# Les fruits de l'enquête qui sont en possession de la Couronne ne sont pas la propriété de la Couronne pour être utilisés pour obtenir une condamnation, mais sont plutôt la propriété du public pour garantir que justice soit rendue.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326 (SCC)}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0){{atL|1fsgp|12}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326 (SCC)}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0){{atL|1fsgp|12}}</ref>
# The general principle is that all relevant information must be disclosed, whether or not the Crown intends to introduce it in evidence. The Crown must disclose relevant information, whether it is inculpatory or exculpatory, and must produce all information which may assist the accused. If the information is of no use, then it is irrelevant and will be excluded by Crown counsel in the exercise of the Crown's discretion, which is reviewable by the trial judge.
# The general principle is that all relevant information must be disclosed, whether or not the Crown intends to introduce it in evidence. The Crown must disclose relevant information, whether it is inculpatory or exculpatory, and must produce all information which may assist the accused. If the information is of no use, then it is irrelevant and will be excluded by Crown counsel in the exercise of the Crown's discretion, which is reviewable by the trial judge.


Satisfaction of the obligation to disclosure must be read in context and does not have to be "perfect."<ref>
Le respect de l'obligation de divulgation doit être lu dans son contexte et ne doit pas nécessairement être « parfait ».<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Dunn|27nmb|2009 CanLII 75397 (ON SC)|[2009] OJ No 5749}}{{perONSC|Boswell J}} ("Disclosure must be considered within this context. It does not have to be perfect, but it does have to be fundamentally fair and sufficient to allow an accused to exercise his or her constitutional right to make full answer and defence.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Dunn|27nmb|2009 CanLII 75397 (ON SC)|[2009] OJ No 5749}}{{perONSC|Boswell J}} ("Disclosure must be considered within this context. It does not have to be perfect, but it does have to be fundamentally fair and sufficient to allow an accused to exercise his or her constitutional right to make full answer and defence.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Eddy|g68wf|2014 ABQB 164 (CanLII)|583 AR 217}}{{perABQB|Acton J}}{{atL|g68wf|177}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Eddy|g68wf|2014 ABQB 164 (CanLII)|583 AR 217}}{{perABQB|Acton J}}{{atL|g68wf|177}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


; Identity of Crown
; Identité de la Couronne
In the context of all first party or Stinchcombe disclosure issues, the term "Crown" refers only to the "prosecuting crown" and not all crown entities including police. All  Crown entities other than the "prosecuting crown" are considered "third-parties".
Dans le contexte de toutes les questions de divulgation de première partie ou de Stinchcombe, le terme « Couronne » fait référence uniquement à la « Couronne poursuivante » et non à toutes les entités de la Couronne, y compris la police. Toutes les entités de la Couronne autres que la « Couronne poursuivante » sont considérées comme des « tiers ».
<ref>
<ref>
{{supra1|Elkins}}{{atL|gxjv3|27}}<br>
{{supra1|Elkins}}{{atL|gxjv3|27}}<br>
Ligne 146 : Ligne 148 :
</ref>
</ref>


; Disclosure to Crown
; Divulgation à la Couronne
The obligations upon the Crown are not reciprocal and there is no obligations upon the defence to disclose anything prior to trial.<ref>
Les obligations de la Couronne ne sont pas réciproques et la défense n'a aucune obligation de divulguer quoi que ce soit avant le procès.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Mitchell|hqcp0|2018 BCCA 52 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Fisher JA}}{{atL|hqcp0|51}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Mitchell|hqcp0|2018 BCCA 52 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Fisher JA}}{{atL|hqcp0|51}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>
Ligne 153 : Ligne 155 :
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


===Preservation of Evidence===
===Préservation des preuves===
Stinchcombe obligation also requires the Crown to preserve all relevant evidence.<ref>
L'obligation de Stinchcombe exige également que la Couronne préserve toutes les preuves pertinentes.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|La|1fr18|1997 CanLII 309 (SCC)|[1997] 2 SCR 680}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}{{atL|1fr18|17}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|La|1fr18|1997 CanLII 309 (SCC)|[1997] 2 SCR 680}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}{{atL|1fr18|17}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|FCB|1zrpp|2000 NSCA 35 (CanLII)|142 CCC (3d) 540}}{{perNSCA|Roscoe JA}} (3:0){{atL|1zrpp|10}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|FCB|1zrpp|2000 NSCA 35 (CanLII)|142 CCC (3d) 540}}{{perNSCA|Roscoe JA}} (3:0){{atL|1zrpp|10}}</ref>


At common law, there is a principle of “Omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem” that suggests that a party who destroys documents must rebut the presumption that the documents were unfavourable to their case.
En common law, il existe un principe « Omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem » qui suggère qu'une partie qui détruit des documents doit réfuter la présomption selon laquelle les documents étaient défavorables à sa cause.


{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


===Sufficiency for Election and Plea===
===Suffisance pour l'élection et le plaidoyer===
Initial disclosure should be provided before the accused should be required to make election and plea.<ref>
La divulgation initiale doit être fournie avant que l'accusé ne soit obligé de faire un choix et de plaider.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0){{atps|342-3}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0){{atps|342-3}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Egger|1fs37|1993 CanLII 98 (SCC)|[1993] 2 SCR 451}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (5:0){{atsL|1fs37|19| to 20}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Egger|1fs37|1993 CanLII 98 (SCC)|[1993] 2 SCR 451}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (5:0){{atsL|1fs37|19| to 20}}<br>
Ligne 170 : Ligne 172 :
{{CanLIIRP|Kovacs-Tator|1j99g|2004 CanLII 42923 (ON CA)|192 CCC (3d) 91}}{{TheCourtONCA}} (3:0){{atL|1j99g|47}} (Ont. C.A.) ("the Crown is not obliged to disclose every last bit of evidence before a trial date is set")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Kovacs-Tator|1j99g|2004 CanLII 42923 (ON CA)|192 CCC (3d) 91}}{{TheCourtONCA}} (3:0){{atL|1j99g|47}} (Ont. C.A.) ("the Crown is not obliged to disclose every last bit of evidence before a trial date is set")<br>
</ref>
</ref>
This is so that the accused can make an informed decision at "all fundamental steps that affect his rights in a crucial way."<ref>
Ceci afin que l'accusé puisse prendre une décision éclairée à « toutes les étapes fondamentales qui affectent ses droits de manière cruciale ».<ref>
{{supra1|Egger}}{{atsL|1fs37|19| to 20}}<br>
{{supra1|Egger}}{{atsL|1fs37|19| to 20}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Lahiry|fntws|2011 ONSC 6780 (CanLII)|283 CCC (3d) 525}}{{perONSC|Code J}}{{atL|fntws|114}} ("It is only when the missing disclosure is truly material to "crucial steps" in the process, like election and plea, that it will justify delay at these early stages.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Lahiry|fntws|2011 ONSC 6780 (CanLII)|283 CCC (3d) 525}}{{perONSC|Code J}}{{atL|fntws|114}} ("It is only when the missing disclosure is truly material to "crucial steps" in the process, like election and plea, that it will justify delay at these early stages.")<br>
</ref>
</ref>
Many tactical factors can come into play that would influence the choice of manner of trial.<ref>
De nombreux facteurs tactiques peuvent entrer en jeu et influencer le choix du mode de procès.<ref>
e.g. {{CanLIIRP|Black|6g7v|1998 CanLII 5042 (NS SC)|515 APR 297}}{{perNSSC|Saunders J}}- judge lists tactical factors that come into play in making election<br>
e.g. {{CanLIIRP|Black|6g7v|1998 CanLII 5042 (NS SC)|515 APR 297}}{{perNSSC|Saunders J}}- judge lists tactical factors that come into play in making election<br>
</ref>
</ref>
Ligne 180 : Ligne 182 :
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


===Delaying and Withholding Disclosure===
===Retarder et retenir la divulgation===
The entitlement to disclosure "is neither absolute or unlimited."<ref>
Le droit à la divulgation « n’est ni absolu ni illimité ».<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Basi|26mxq|2009 SCC 52 (CanLII)|[2009] 3 SCR 389}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}} (7:0){{atL|26mxq|1}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Basi|26mxq|2009 SCC 52 (CanLII)|[2009] 3 SCR 389}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}} (7:0){{atL|26mxq|1}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|McNeil|2254d|2009 SCC 3 (CanLII)|[2009] 1 SCR 66}}{{perSCC|Charron J}} (8:0){{atL|2254d|18}} <br>
{{CanLIIRP|McNeil|2254d|2009 SCC 3 (CanLII)|[2009] 1 SCR 66}}{{perSCC|Charron J}} (8:0){{atL|2254d|18}} <br>
</ref>
</ref>


Where disclosure is delayed or withheld is it the burden of the Crown to justify it.<ref>
Lorsque la divulgation est retardée ou refusée, il incombe à la Couronne de le justifier.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Egger|1fs37|1993 CanLII 98 (SCC)|[1993] 2 SCR 451}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (5:0){{atp|466}}
{{CanLIIRP|Egger|1fs37|1993 CanLII 98 (SCC)|[1993] 2 SCR 451}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (5:0){{atp|466}}
</ref>
</ref>


; Delayed Disclosure
; Divulgation retardée
The Crown has a limited discretion to delay disclosure in "rare circumstances" in order "to protect the integrity of an ongoing investigation."<ref>
La Couronne dispose d'un pouvoir discrétionnaire limité pour retarder la divulgation dans « de rares circonstances » afin de « protéger l'intégrité d'une enquête en cours ».<ref>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}{{atp|339}}<br>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}{{atp|339}}<br>
</ref>  
</réf>
Or where it is necessary to protect the safety of certain witnesses.<ref>
Ou lorsqu'il est nécessaire de protéger la sécurité de certains témoins.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Vokey|fsxmg|1992 CanLII 7089 (NL CA)|72 CCC (3d) 97}}{{perNLCA|Goodridge CJ}}
{{CanLIIRP|Vokey|fsxmg|1992 CanLII 7089 (NL CA)|72 CCC (3d) 97}}{{perNLCA|Goodridge CJ}}
</ref>
</ref>


The Crown also has discretion to determine the most effective manner in which to produce disclosure.<ref>
La Couronne a également le pouvoir discrétionnaire de déterminer la manière la plus efficace de produire la divulgation.<ref>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}{{atp|339}}<br>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}{{atp|339}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Chaplin|1frl0|1995 CanLII 126 (SCC)|[1995] 1 SCR 727}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (9:0){{atL|1frl0|21}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Chaplin|1frl0|1995 CanLII 126 (SCC)|[1995] 1 SCR 727}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (9:0){{atL|1frl0|21}}<br>
Ligne 205 : Ligne 207 :
</ref>
</ref>


A great amount of deference should be given to the manner and timing of disclosure.<ref>
Une grande déférence doit être accordée à la manière et au moment de la divulgation.<ref>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}{{atp|340}}<br>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}{{atp|340}}<br>
</ref>
</réf>


The defence's choice to have a preliminary inquiry before setting a matter for trial cannot be used as an excuse for delay of disclosure.<ref>
Le choix de la défense de mener une enquête préliminaire avant de porter une affaire à procès ne peut pas être utilisé comme excuse pour retarder la divulgation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Girimonte|6hrn|1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA)|121 CCC (3d) 33}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}} (3:0)
{{CanLIIRP|Girimonte|6hrn|1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA)|121 CCC (3d) 33}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}} (3:0)
</ref>
</réf>


; Withheld Disclosure
; Divulgation retenue
The most obvious reasons for withholding disclosure in where it is (1) "clearly irrelevant"; (2) the information was privileged; (3) disclosure of the information was governed by law; and (4) premature disclosure may result in harm to an individual or public interest.<ref>
Les raisons les plus évidentes pour refuser la divulgation sont les suivantes : (1) « manifestement non pertinent » ; (2) l’information était privilégiée ; (3) la divulgation des informations était régie par la loi ; et (4) une divulgation prématurée peut entraîner un préjudice à un individu ou à l'intérêt public.<ref>
{{supra1|McNeil}}
{{supra1|McNeil}}
</ref>
</réf>


Where any disclosure is withheld, the Crown must make it know that they are in possession of those records.<ref>
Lorsqu'une divulgation est refusée, la Couronne doit faire savoir qu'elle est en possession de ces dossiers.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Piaskowski|1r2nz|2007 MBQB 68 (CanLII)|213 Man R (2d) 283}}{{perMBQB|Sinclair J}}{{atL|1r2nz|84}} ("The Crown’s disclosure obligation requires that it must make known to an accused all relevant materials in its possession or under its control.")
{{CanLIIRP|Piaskowski|1r2nz|2007 MBQB 68 (CanLII)|213 Man R (2d) 283}}{{perMBQB|Sinclair J}}{{atL|1r2nz|84}} ("The Crown’s disclosure obligation requires that it must make known to an accused all relevant materials in its possession or under its control.")
</ref>
</ref>
Ligne 224 : Ligne 226 :
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==When the Obligations Exist==
==Quand les obligations existent==
The Crown will only be subject to disclosure obligation where there is evidence in its possession or control ''and'' is sufficiently relevant. This is will only apply once the defence seeks to exercise its right to disclosure.
La Couronne ne sera soumise à l'obligation de divulgation que lorsqu'elle possède ou contrôle des éléments de preuve « et » suffisamment pertinents. Cela ne s'appliquera que lorsque la défense cherchera à exercer son droit à la divulgation.


Information in possession of the government but not discovered in the course of the investigation is ''not'' governed by Stinchcombe.
Les informations en possession du gouvernement mais non découvertes au cours de l'enquête ne sont « pas » régies par Stinchcombe.
<ref>
<réf>
{{CanLIIRx|Elkins|gxjv3|2017 BCSC 245 (CanLII)}}{{perBCSC|Sewell J}}{{atL|gxjv3|24}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Elkins|gxjv3|2017 BCSC 245 (CanLII)}}{{perBCSC|Sewell J}}{{atL|gxjv3|24}}<br>
</ref>  
</ref>  
Stincombe will generally  only apply to the "fruits of the investigation."<ref>
Stincombe ne s'appliquera généralement qu'aux « fruits de l'enquête ».<ref>
{{ibid1|Elkins}}{{atL|gxjv3|25}}<br>
{{ibid1|Elkins}}{{atL|gxjv3|25}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>
The exception to this exists for records in the possession or control of Crown that is "obviously relevant" to the accused's case.<ref>
L'exception à cette règle existe pour les dossiers en possession ou sous le contrôle de la Couronne qui sont « manifestement pertinents » pour le dossier de l'accusé.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Pascal|j6xcn|2020 ONCA 287 (CanLII)}}{{atL|j6xcn|106}} ("However, the police obligation of disclosure to the prosecuting Crown extends beyond the “fruits of the investigation”. The police should also disclose to the prosecuting Crown any additional information that are “obviously relevant” to the accused’s case. This “obviously relevant” information is not within the investigative files, but must be “disclosed under Stinchcombe because it relates to the accused’s ability to meet the Crown’s case, raise a defence, or otherwise consider the conduct of the defence”: Gubbins, at para. 23.")<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Pascal|j6xcn|2020 ONCA 287 (CanLII)}}{{atL|j6xcn|106}} ("However, the police obligation of disclosure to the prosecuting Crown extends beyond the “fruits of the investigation”. The police should also disclose to the prosecuting Crown any additional information that are “obviously relevant” to the accused’s case. This “obviously relevant” information is not within the investigative files, but must be “disclosed under Stinchcombe because it relates to the accused’s ability to meet the Crown’s case, raise a defence, or otherwise consider the conduct of the defence”: Gubbins, at para. 23.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Gubbins|hvqb7|2018 SCC 44 (CanLII)|[2018] 3 SCR 35}}{{perSCC|Rowe J}}
{{CanLIIRP|Gubbins|hvqb7|2018 SCC 44 (CanLII)|[2018] 3 SCR 35}}{{perSCC|Rowe J}}
</ref> The meaning of "obviously relevant" does not create a new standard of relevance, but applies the normal standard of relevance. However, the certainty to which it would go to full answer and defence is beyond merely "likely" and is something where the use if "easily seen or understood."<Ref>
</ref> Le sens de l'expression "manifestement pertinent" ne crée pas une nouvelle norme de pertinence, mais applique la norme normale de pertinence. Cependant, la certitude avec laquelle il s'agirait d'une réponse et d'une défense complètes est au-delà du simple "probable" et est quelque chose dont l'utilisation est "facilement vue ou comprise".
<Ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Sandhu|j94nx|2020 ABQB 459 (CanLII)}}{{perABQB|Achkerl J}}{{atL|j94nx|36}}
{{CanLIIRx|Sandhu|j94nx|2020 ABQB 459 (CanLII)}}{{perABQB|Achkerl J}}{{atL|j94nx|36}}
</ref>
</ref>


{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
===Defence Engaging Disclosure Obligations===
===Obligations de divulgation engageant la défense===
The initial burden rests on the defence to invoke their right to disclosure.<Ref>
Il incombe initialement à la défense d'invoquer son droit à la divulgation.<Ref>
R v Atwell, 2022 NSSC 304 at para 10 ("Mr. Dennis has a right to disclosure of possibly relevant information. However, it is a right that must be asserted...")<br>
R v Atwell, 2022 NSSC 304 at para 10 ("Mr. Dennis has a right to disclosure of possibly relevant information. However, it is a right that must be asserted...")<br>
{{CanLIIR|Eadie|2cl9j|2010 ONCJ 403 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Keast J}}{{AtL|2cl9j|42}}
{{CanLIIR|Eadie|2cl9j|2010 ONCJ 403 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Keast J}}{{AtL|2cl9j|42}}
</ref>
</ref>
The right to disclosure is triggered once defence counsel requests it.<ref>
Le droit à la divulgation entre en jeu dès que l’avocat de la défense le demande.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0),{{atp|342}} ("The obligation to disclose will be triggered by a request by or on behalf of the accused.  Such a request may be made at any time after the charge.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Stinchcombe|1fsgp|1991 CanLII 45 (SCC)|[1991] 3 SCR 326}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (7:0),{{atp|342}} ("The obligation to disclose will be triggered by a request by or on behalf of the accused.  Such a request may be made at any time after the charge.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|O'Connor|1frdh|1995 CanLII 51 (SCC)|[1995] 4 SCR 411}}{{perSCC|Lamer CJ and Sopinka J}} (dissenting on other issues){{atL|1frdh|5}} ("The Crown's duty to disclose information in its possession is triggered when a request for disclosure is made by the accused")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|O'Connor|1frdh|1995 CanLII 51 (SCC)|[1995] 4 SCR 411}}{{perSCC|Lamer CJ and Sopinka J}} (dissenting on other issues){{atL|1frdh|5}} ("The Crown's duty to disclose information in its possession is triggered when a request for disclosure is made by the accused")<br>
Ligne 253 : Ligne 256 :
{{CanLIIRP|Girimonte|6hrn|1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA)|121 CCC (3d) 33}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}} (3:0), ("The Crown's obligation to disclose is triggered by a request for disclosure from counsel for an accused.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Girimonte|6hrn|1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA)|121 CCC (3d) 33}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}} (3:0), ("The Crown's obligation to disclose is triggered by a request for disclosure from counsel for an accused.")<br>
</ref>
</ref>
After that the burden moves to Crown to disclose all Stinchcombe relevant materials.<REf>
Après cela, il incombe à la Couronne de divulguer tous les documents pertinents de Stinchcombe.<REf>
{{supra1|Atwell}} at para 10 ("Once a request is made the onus shifts to the Crown to comply with the request")<Br>
{{supra1|Atwell}} at para 10 ("Once a request is made the onus shifts to the Crown to comply with the request")<Br>
{{{supra1|Eadie}} at para 44
{{{supra1|Eadie}} at para 44
</ref>
</ref>


The obligation will exist for all evidence for which there is a "reasonable possibility" that the evidence will used in making full answer and defence.<ref>
L'obligation existera pour tous les éléments de preuve pour lesquels il existe une « possibilité raisonnable » que les éléments de preuve soient utilisés pour présenter une réponse et une défense pleine et entière.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Chaplin|1frl0|1995 CanLII 126 (SCC)|[1995] 1 SCR 727}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (9:0){{atsL|1frl0|26| to 27}} ("The Crown's disclosure obligations are triggered when there is a ''reasonable possibility'' the evidence will be useful to the accused in making full answer and defence.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Chaplin|1frl0|1995 CanLII 126 (SCC)|[1995] 1 SCR 727}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}} (9:0){{atsL|1frl0|26| to 27}} ("The Crown's disclosure obligations are triggered when there is a ''reasonable possibility'' the evidence will be useful to the accused in making full answer and defence.")<br>
see also {{CanLIIRP|Taillefer|1g992|2003 SCC 70 (CanLII)|[2003] 3 SCR 307}}{{perSCC|LeBel J}} (9:0){{atL|1g992|61}}<br>
see also {{CanLIIRP|Taillefer|1g992|2003 SCC 70 (CanLII)|[2003] 3 SCR 307}}{{perSCC|LeBel J}} (9:0){{atL|1g992|61}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


The duty to disclose is engaged once the accused requests information from the crown any time after the charge has been laid. <ref>
L'obligation de divulguer entre en jeu dès que l'accusé demande des renseignements à la Couronne, à tout moment après le dépôt de l'accusation. <réf>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe #1}}{{Atp|342}}</ref>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe #1}}{{Atp|342}}</ref>
If the defence fails to raise the issue and remains passive, they are less able to claim that non-disclosure affected trial fairness.<ref>
If the defence fails to raise the issue and remains passive, they are less able to claim that non-disclosure affected trial fairness.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Dixon|1fqvj|1998 CanLII 805 (SCC)|[1998] 1 SCR 244}}{{perSCC|Cory J}} (5:0){{atL|1fqvj|38}} ("Whether a new trial should be ordered on the basis that the Crown’s non‑disclosure rendered the trial process unfair involves a process of weighing and balancing.  If defence counsel knew or ought to have known on the basis of other disclosures that the Crown through inadvertence had failed to disclose information yet remained passive as a result of a tactical decision or lack of due diligence it would be difficult to accept a submission that the failure to disclose affected the fairness of the trial.  ...")</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Dixon|1fqvj|1998 CanLII 805 (SCC)|[1998] 1 SCR 244}}{{perSCC|Cory J}} (5:0){{atL|1fqvj|38}} ("Whether a new trial should be ordered on the basis that the Crown’s non‑disclosure rendered the trial process unfair involves a process of weighing and balancing.  If defence counsel knew or ought to have known on the basis of other disclosures that the Crown through inadvertence had failed to disclose information yet remained passive as a result of a tactical decision or lack of due diligence it would be difficult to accept a submission that the failure to disclose affected the fairness of the trial.  ...")</ref>


; Duty of Diligence
; Devoir de diligence
The defence has an obligation to diligently pursue disclosure by actively seeking and pursuing disclosure once they become aware or ought to have been aware of it.<ref>
La défense a l'obligation de poursuivre avec diligence la divulgation en recherchant et en poursuivant activement la divulgation une fois qu'elle en a pris connaissance ou aurait dû en avoir connaissance.<ref>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe #1}}{{atp|341}}<br>  
{{supra1|Stinchcombe #1}}{{atp|341}}<br>  
{{supra1|Dixon}}{{atL|1fqvj|37}} ("In considering the overall fairness of the trial process, defence counsel’s diligence in pursuing disclosure from the Crown must be taken into account.  A lack of due diligence is a significant factor in determining whether the Crown’s non‑disclosure affected the fairness of the trial process. ... The fair and efficient functioning of the criminal justice system requires that defence counsel exercise due diligence in actively seeking and pursuing Crown disclosure.  The very nature of the disclosure process makes it prone to human error and vulnerable to attack.  As officers of the court, defence counsel have an obligation to pursue disclosure diligently.  When counsel becomes or ought to become aware, from other relevant material produced by the Crown, of a failure to disclose further material, counsel must not remain passive.  Rather, they must diligently pursue disclosure.")</ref>  
{{supra1|Dixon}}{{atL|1fqvj|37}} ("In considering the overall fairness of the trial process, defence counsel’s diligence in pursuing disclosure from the Crown must be taken into account.  A lack of due diligence is a significant factor in determining whether the Crown’s non‑disclosure affected the fairness of the trial process. ... The fair and efficient functioning of the criminal justice system requires that defence counsel exercise due diligence in actively seeking and pursuing Crown disclosure.  The very nature of the disclosure process makes it prone to human error and vulnerable to attack.  As officers of the court, defence counsel have an obligation to pursue disclosure diligently.  When counsel becomes or ought to become aware, from other relevant material produced by the Crown, of a failure to disclose further material, counsel must not remain passive.  Rather, they must diligently pursue disclosure.")</ref>  
Ligne 280 : Ligne 283 :
</ref>
</ref>


The defence cannot claim a lack of disclosure affected trial fairness when they remain passive a tactical decision or due to lack of diligence.<ref>
La défense ne peut pas prétendre que le manque de divulgation a affecté l’équité du procès lorsqu’elle reste passive face à une décision tactique ou en raison d’un manque de diligence.<ref>
{{supra1|Dixon}}{{atL|1fqvj|38}}<br>
{{supra1|Dixon}}{{atL|1fqvj|38}}<br>
{{supra1|Barbour}}{{atL|h4t69|32}} ("If the Crown disclosure, or the facts of the case, make it apparent that third parties may have records that will assist in making answer and defence, the accused must act diligently in obtaining that information or in bringing an O’Connor application. The court will not be sympathetic where a tactical decision was made not to pursue known documents")<br>
{{supra1|Barbour}}{{atL|h4t69|32}} ("If the Crown disclosure, or the facts of the case, make it apparent that third parties may have records that will assist in making answer and defence, the accused must act diligently in obtaining that information or in bringing an O’Connor application. The court will not be sympathetic where a tactical decision was made not to pursue known documents")<br>
</ref>
</ref>


A failure to read the disclosure and discover defects cannot be used to support a finding that there was a Crown breach of the duty to disclose.<ref>
L’omission de lire la divulgation et de découvrir des défauts ne peut pas être utilisée pour étayer une conclusion selon laquelle il y a eu un manquement de la Couronne à l’obligation de divulguer.<ref>
{{supra1|Barbour}}{{atL|h4t69|32}}
{{supra1|Barbour}}{{atL|h4t69|32}}
</ref>
</ref>


; Fishing Expeditions
; Expéditions de pêche
The defence should not engage in disclosure requests that amount to mere "fishing expeditions" as they tend to "undermine the good faith and candour which should govern the conduct of counsel."<ref>
La défense ne devrait pas s'engager dans des demandes de divulgation qui équivaudraient à de simples « expéditions de pêche », car elles tendent à « saper sur la bonne foi et la franchise qui devraient régir la conduite de l'avocat ».<ref>
{{supra1|Girimonte}}<br>
{{supra1|Girimonte}}<br>
</ref>
</réf>


; Duty When Full Disclosure Not Provided
; Obligation lorsque la divulgation complète n’est pas fournie
Where there is specific evidence that was not disclosed, the defence has the obligation to particularize the evidence that they are seeking.<ref>
Lorsqu'il existe des preuves spécifiques qui n'ont pas été divulguées, la défense a l'obligation de préciser les preuves qu'elle recherche.<ref>
{{supra1|Atwell}} at para 10 ("The onus is on the defence to particularize any further disclosure requests")<br>
{{supra1|Atwell}} at para 10 ("The onus is on the defence to particularize any further disclosure requests")<br>
{{{supra1|Eadie}}  
{{{supra1|Eadie}}  
Ligne 698 : Ligne 701 :
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


===Crown Disclosure Decisions===
===Décisions de divulgation de la Couronne===


; Review of Decisions
; Révision des décisions
It is the Crown's decision to determine "what material is properly subject to disclosure to the defence."<ref>
Il appartient à la Couronne de déterminer « quels documents peuvent être divulgués à la défense ».<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|SSS|1wcvn|1999 CanLII 15049 (ON SC)|136 CCC (3d) 477}}{{perONSC|Watt J}}{{atL|1wcvn|33}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|SSS|1wcvn|1999 CanLII 15049 (ON SC)|136 CCC (3d) 477}}{{perONSC|Watt J}}{{atL|1wcvn|33}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Girimonte|6hrn|1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA)|121 CCC (3d) 33}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}} (3:0){{atp|42}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Girimonte|6hrn|1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA)|121 CCC (3d) 33}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}} (3:0){{atp|42}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


The decisions of Crown to disclosure certain information and not other is reviewable the ''trial'' judge.<ref>
Les décisions de la Couronne de divulguer certaines informations et pas d'autres sont révisables par le juge du « procès ».<ref>
{{supra1|SSS}}{{atL|1wcvn|34}}<br>
{{supra1|SSS}}{{atL|1wcvn|34}}<br>
{{supra1|Girimonte}}{{atp|43}}<br>
{{supra1|Girimonte}}{{atp|43}}<br>
Ligne 712 : Ligne 715 :
</ref>
</ref>


In exceptional circumstances any superior court of criminal jurisdiction may review the disclosure under s. 24(1) of the Charter.<ref>
Dans des circonstances exceptionnelles, toute cour supérieure de juridiction pénale peut réexaminer la divulgation en vertu de l'art. 24(1) de la Charte.<ref>
{{supra1|SSS}}{{atL|1wcvn|34}}<br>
{{supra1|SSS}}{{atL|1wcvn|34}}<br>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}{{atps|11 to 12}}<br>
{{supra1|Stinchcombe}}{{atps|11 to 12}}<br>
Ligne 720 : Ligne 723 :
</ref>
</ref>


Remedy for improper disclosure decisions are "largely, but not exclusively, Charter based."<ref>
Les recours en cas de décisions de divulgation inappropriées sont « en grande partie, mais pas exclusivement, fondés sur la Charte ».<ref>
{{supra1|Girimonte}}<br>
{{supra1|Girimonte}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>
Ligne 726 : Ligne 729 :
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==Form and Types of Disclosure==
==Forme et types de divulgation==
* [[Types of Disclosable Materials]]
* [[Types de documents à divulguer]]


==Where the Obligation Does Not Exist==
==Là où l'obligation n'existe pas==
It is not appropriate for the "Stinchcombe obligations" to be interpreted as creating any sort of duty investigate or defend.<ref>
Il n'est pas approprié que les « obligations de Stinchcombe » soient interprétées comme créant une quelconque sorte d'obligation d'enquêter ou de défendre.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Eddy|g68wf|2014 ABQB 164 (CanLII)|583 AR 217}}{{perABQB|Acton J}}{{atL|g68wf|137}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Eddy|g68wf|2014 ABQB 164 (CanLII)|583 AR 217}}{{perABQB|Acton J}}{{atL|g68wf|137}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Darwish|2843v|2010 ONCA 124 (CanLII)|252 CCC (3d) 1}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}} (3:0){{atsL|2843v|32| to 40}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Darwish|2843v|2010 ONCA 124 (CanLII)|252 CCC (3d) 1}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}} (3:0){{atsL|2843v|32| to 40}}<br>
Ligne 738 : Ligne 741 :
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


===Vetting Disclosure===
===Divulgation de vérification===
When documents are to be released for disclosure, the police and crown are permitted to vet the materials for the purpose of removing information that may not be disclosable. Types of information that can be validly redacted from the disclosure before going out to the defence include:
Lorsque des documents doivent être divulgués aux fins de communication, la police et la Couronne sont autorisées à les examiner afin de supprimer les informations qui pourraient ne pas être divulguées. Les types d’informations qui peuvent être valablement supprimées de la divulgation avant d’être communiquées à la défense comprennent :
# clearly irrelevant information
# informations clairement non pertinentes
# information tending to identify a confidential police source
# informations tendant à identifier une source policière confidentielle
# police investigative techniques
# techniques d'enquête policière
# advice that would be covered by solicitor-client privilege (either defence counsel or crown counsel)
# de conseils qui seraient couverts par le secret professionnel de l'avocat (soit l'avocat de la défense, soit l'avocat de la Couronne)


See further details on [[Privilege]] section.
Voir plus de détails dans la section [[Privilège]].


==Restricting Access to Disclosure==
==Restriction de l'accès à la divulgation==
* [[Limitations on Access to Disclosure]]
* [[Limitations de l'accès à la divulgation]]


==Breach of Disclosure Obligation==
==Violation de l'obligation de divulgation==
To engage Stinchcombe the Applicant accused has the burden of proving that there was a "reasonable possibility" that his right to make full answer and defence was impaired by the Crown's actions.<ref>
Pour engager Stinchcombe, l'accusé demandeur a le fardeau de prouver qu'il existait une « possibilité raisonnable » que son droit à une défense pleine et entière ait été compromis par les actions de la Couronne.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Carosella|1fr3p|1997 CanLII 402 (SCC)|[1997] 1 SCR 80}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}
{{CanLIIRP|Carosella|1fr3p|1997 CanLII 402 (SCC)|[1997] 1 SCR 80}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}
</ref>
</ref>

Version du 3 juillet 2024 à 21:14

Ang
Cette page a été mise à jour ou révisée de manière substantielle pour la dernière fois June 2021. (Rev. # 7405)
n.b.: Cette page est expérimentale. Si vous repérez une grammaire ou un texte anglais clairement incorrect, veuillez m'en informer à [email protected] et je le corrigerai dès que possible.

Principes généraux

Voir également: Principes de justice fondamentale

La Couronne doit divulguer tous les documents et informations en sa possession ou sous son contrôle qui ne sont pas clairement dénués de pertinence, peu importe si la preuve doit être présentée au procès ou si elle est inculpatoire ou disculpatoire.[1]

Le droit aux divulgations repose sur (1) le droit de connaître les arguments à défendre et (2) le droit de présenter une réponse complète pour la défense d'une infraction accusée.[2]

Les documents en possession de la Couronne ne sont pas la « propriété » de la Couronne, mais plutôt la « propriété du public qui doit être utilisé pour garantir que justice soit rendue ».[3]

But

Le droit à la divulgation est fondé sur le principe du fair-play entre les parties[4] as well as the right to make full answer and defence. [5]

Lorsque la Couronne reçoit des preuves, il ne s'agit pas d'informations qu'elle détient en fiducie pour le témoin, mais plutôt de « la propriété du public, afin de garantir que justice soit rendue ».[6]

Le droit à la divulgation fait « partie des droits les plus importants et fondamentaux garantis à un accusé dans le cadre d’une procédure pénale ».[7]

Ce droit est garanti par le droit à une réponse et une défense pleine et entière en vertu de l’art. 7 de la Charte.[8]

La Couronne n'est pas un « plaideur ordinaire ». C'est « une loyauté sans faille envers la bonne administration de la justice ». R c Esseghaier, 2021 ONCA 162 (CanLII), par curiam, au para 26
R c McNeil, 2009 SCC 3 (CanLII), [2009] 1 SCR 66, par Charron J (8:0), aux paras 17, 49
</ref>

Il existe également une obligation de common law de fournir « une divulgation complète et équitable qui constitue un aspect fondamental du devoir de la Couronne de servir la Cour en tant qu'agent public fidèle, chargé non de gagner ou de perdre des procès. »[9]

L'obligation découle également de « la prémisse selon laquelle les documents en possession des autorités chargées des poursuites et qui sont pertinents dans le cadre d'une poursuite pénale ne sont pas la « propriété » de la Couronne, mais sont plutôt « la propriété du public qui doit être utilisé pour garantir que la justice soit rendue ». fait'"[10]

Ce droit se trouve codifié à l'art. 650(3) et l'art. 802 du Code criminel qui stipule :

650
[omis (1), (1.1), (1.2) and (2)]

Droit de présenter sa défense

(3) Un accusé a droit, après que la poursuite a terminé son exposé, de présenter, personnellement ou par avocat, une pleine réponse et défense.
L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 6501991, ch. 43, art. 91994, ch. 44, art. 611997, ch. 18, art. 772002, ch. 13, art. 60; 2003, ch. 21, art. 12; 2019, ch. 25, art. 274; 2022, ch. 17, art. 39.

CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)


Note: 650(3)

Droit à réponse et défense complète

802 (1) Le poursuivant a le droit de conduire personnellement sa cause, et le défendeur a le droit d’y faire une réponse et défense complète.
[omis (2) and (3)]
S.R., ch. C-34, art. 737.

CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)


Note: 802(1)

La Couronne a l'obligation d'obtenir d'un organisme d'enquête toute information pertinente dont elle a connaissance et doit « prendre des mesures raisonnables pour s'enquérir de... informations pertinentes ».[11]

L'obligation de divulgation crée une obligation pour la Couronne d'obtenir la divulgation de la police et, de même, la police a une obligation correspondante de fournir la divulgation à la Couronne. <réf> LAT, supra </ref>

Ces obligations incombent conjointement à la Couronne et à la police.[12]

Le « régime de divulgation Stinchcombe » s’applique uniquement aux « documents relatifs au dossier de l’accusé » qui sont « en possession ou sous le contrôle » de la Couronne.[13]

Lorsqu'elle est confrontée à une « pure expédition de pêche », la Couronne n'a aucune obligation de découvrir ou de divulguer des documents.[14]

Les dossiers de police provenant d'un dossier sans rapport qui n'est pas en possession de la Couronne poursuivante ne sont pas sujets à la divulgation par la première partie.[15]

Ce droit ne fait pas de distinction entre les preuves irrecevables et recevables.Erreur de référence : Balise fermante </ref> manquante pour la balise <ref>

Principe de cas à rencontre

La doctrine du « cas-to-rencontre » est une exigence fondamentale d’un procès équitable. Il est protégé par la common law et la Constitution.[16]

Histoire

Avant la publication en 1991 de la décision R contre Stinchcombe, l'obligation générale de divulgation variait selon les juridictions. La Couronne avait un certain pouvoir discrétionnaire pour retenir des preuves jugées peu crédibles.[17]

  1. R c Stinchcombe, 1991 CanLII 45 (SCC), [1991] 3 SCR 326, par Sopinka J (7:0) at 339 and 343 (Stinchcombe #1)
    See also , ibid., au para 20 ("[w]hile the Crown must err on the side of inclusion, it need not produced what is clearly irrelevant") R c Stinchcombe, 1995 CanLII 130 (SCC), [1995] 1 SCR 754, par Sopinka J (7:0) at 755 (Stinchcombe #2)
    R c Wickstead, 1997 CanLII 370, [1997] 1 SCR 307, par Sopinka J (9:0)
    R c McNeil, 2009 SCC 3 (CanLII), [2009] 1 SCR 66, par Charron J (8:0), au para 17 d(the crown need not produce records that have no "reasonable possibility" of relevance)
    R c Girimonte, 1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA), 121 CCC (3d) 33, par Doherty JA (3:0), aux pp. 41 to 42 ("The Crown must disclose to the defence all information whether inculpatory or exculpatory under its control, unless the information is clearly irrelevant or subject to some privilege")
  2. R c Bottineau, 2005 CanLII 63780 (ON SC), 32 CR (6th) 70, par Watt J, au para 31
    R c Mills, 1999 CanLII 637 (SCC), [1999] 3 SCR 668, par McLachlin and Iacobucci JJ (7:1), aux pp. 682 to 683 ("the right of an accused ot make full answer and defence is a pillar of criminal justice on which we rely heavily to prevent the conviction of the innocent... The Crown's constitutional and ethical duty to disclose all information in its possession reasonably capable of affecting the accused's ability to raise a reasonable doubt concerning his innocence"
  3. R c Darwish, 2010 ONCA 124 (CanLII), 252 CCC (3d) 1, par Doherty JA, au para 33
  4. R c Lemay, 1951 CanLII 27 (SCC), [1952] 1 SCR 232, par Locke J (8:1)
    R c Boucher, 1954 CanLII 3 (SCC), [1955] SCR 16, par Kerwin J (7:2)
  5. R c Carosella, 1997 CanLII 402 (SCC), [1997] 1 SCR 80, par Sopinka J (5:4), (stated disclosure by the crown is "one of the components of the right to make full answer and defence which in turn is a principle of fundamental justice embraced by s. 7 of the Charter.")
    Girimonte, supra
  6. R c Stinchcombe, 1991 CanLII 45 (SCC), [1991] 3 SCR 326, par Sopinka J (7:0) , au para 12
  7. R c Floria, 2008 CanLII 57160 (ON SC), par Croll J, au para 19
  8. R c Chaplin, 1995 CanLII 126 (SCC), [1995] 1 SCR 727, par Sopinka J (9:0), au p. 742
    R c Carosella, 1997 CanLII 402 (SCC), [1997] 1 SCR 80, par Sopinka J, au p. 106 ("The right to disclosure of material which meets the Stinchcombe threshold is one of the components of the right to make full answer and defence which in turn is a principle of fundamental justice embraced by s. 7 of the Charter. ")
  9. R c O'Connor, 1995 CanLII 51 (SCC), [1995] 4 SCR 411, par L'Heureux‑Dubé J (6:3)
  10. Darwish, supra, au para 33
    R c Stinchcombe, 1991 CanLII 45 (SCC), [1991] 3 SCR 326, [1991] SCJ No 83, par Sopinka J (7:0), au p. 333 [SCR]
  11. Darwish, supra, au para 31
    R c LAT, 1993 CanLII 3382 (ON CA), 84 CCC (3d) 90, par Lacourcière JA (3:0) ("The Crown has a duty to obtain from the police -- and the police have a corresponding duty to provide to the Crown -- all relevant information and material concerning the case.")
    R c Vokey, 1992 CanLII 7089 (NL CA), 72 CCC (3d) 97, par Goodridge CJ ("The duty rests upon Crown counsel to obtain from the police all material that should be properly disclosed to defence counsel.")
  12. R c McNeil, 2009 SCC 3 (CanLII), [2009] 1 SCR 66, par Charron J (8:0), au para 14
  13. McNeil, supra, au para 22
  14. R c Gingras, 1992 CanLII 2826 (AB CA), 71 CCC (3d) 53, par curiam
  15. R c Thompson, 2009 ONCA 243 (CanLII), 243 CCC (3d) 331, par Goudge JA (3:0)
    R c Schertzer, 2011 ONSC 65 (CanLII), par Pardu J, au para 41
  16. R c Heaton, 2014 SKCA 140 (CanLII), 318 CCC (3d) 115, par Jackson JA (3:0), au para 24
    R c Underwood, 1998 CanLII 839 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 77, par Lamer CJ (5:0), au para 5
  17. Stinchcombe, supra

Principes et obligations de divulgation de première partie (« Stinchcombe »)

Le comité Martin a produit un rapport considérant la décision. Le rapport détaillait les principes de l'affaire , au p. 146 :

  1. Les fruits de l'enquête qui sont en possession de la Couronne ne sont pas la propriété de la Couronne pour être utilisés pour obtenir une condamnation, mais sont plutôt la propriété du public pour garantir que justice soit rendue.[1]
  2. The general principle is that all relevant information must be disclosed, whether or not the Crown intends to introduce it in evidence. The Crown must disclose relevant information, whether it is inculpatory or exculpatory, and must produce all information which may assist the accused. If the information is of no use, then it is irrelevant and will be excluded by Crown counsel in the exercise of the Crown's discretion, which is reviewable by the trial judge.

Le respect de l'obligation de divulgation doit être lu dans son contexte et ne doit pas nécessairement être « parfait ».[2]

Identité de la Couronne

Dans le contexte de toutes les questions de divulgation de première partie ou de Stinchcombe, le terme « Couronne » fait référence uniquement à la « Couronne poursuivante » et non à toutes les entités de la Couronne, y compris la police. Toutes les entités de la Couronne autres que la « Couronne poursuivante » sont considérées comme des « tiers ». [3]

Divulgation à la Couronne

Les obligations de la Couronne ne sont pas réciproques et la défense n'a aucune obligation de divulguer quoi que ce soit avant le procès.[4]

  1. R c Stinchcombe, 1991 CanLII 45 (SCC), [1991] 3 SCR 326 (SCC), par Sopinka J (7:0), au para 12
  2. R c Dunn, 2009 CanLII 75397 (ON SC), [2009] OJ No 5749, par Boswell J ("Disclosure must be considered within this context. It does not have to be perfect, but it does have to be fundamentally fair and sufficient to allow an accused to exercise his or her constitutional right to make full answer and defence.")
    R c Eddy, 2014 ABQB 164 (CanLII), 583 AR 217, par Acton J, au para 177
  3. Elkins, supra, au para 27
    R c Jackson, 2015 ONCA 832 (CanLII), 332 CCC (3d) 466, par Watt JA, au para 80
    Quesnelle, supra, au para 11
    McNeil, supra, au para 22
  4. R c Mitchell, 2018 BCCA 52 (CanLII), par Fisher JA, au para 51

Préservation des preuves

L'obligation de Stinchcombe exige également que la Couronne préserve toutes les preuves pertinentes.[1]

En common law, il existe un principe « Omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem » qui suggère qu'une partie qui détruit des documents doit réfuter la présomption selon laquelle les documents étaient défavorables à sa cause.

  1. R c La, 1997 CanLII 309 (SCC), [1997] 2 SCR 680, par Sopinka J, au para 17
    R c FCB, 2000 NSCA 35 (CanLII), 142 CCC (3d) 540, par Roscoe JA (3:0), au para 10

Suffisance pour l'élection et le plaidoyer

La divulgation initiale doit être fournie avant que l'accusé ne soit obligé de faire un choix et de plaider.[1] Ceci afin que l'accusé puisse prendre une décision éclairée à « toutes les étapes fondamentales qui affectent ses droits de manière cruciale ».[2] De nombreux facteurs tactiques peuvent entrer en jeu et influencer le choix du mode de procès.[3]

  1. R c Stinchcombe, 1991 CanLII 45 (SCC), [1991] 3 SCR 326, par Sopinka J (7:0), aux pp. 342-3
    R c Egger, 1993 CanLII 98 (SCC), [1993] 2 SCR 451, par Sopinka J (5:0), aux paras 19 to 20
    R c Girimonte, 1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA), 121 CCC (3d) 33, par Doherty JA (3:0), ("Initial disclosure must occur sufficiently before the accused is called upon to elect or plead so as to permit the accused to make an informed decision as to the mode of trial and the appropriate plea. In a perfect world, initial disclosure would also be complete disclosure. However, as is recognized in Stinchcombe, supra, au p. 343 [SCR], au p. 221 [CRR], au p. 14 [CCC], the Crown will often be unable to make complete disclosure at the initial stage of the disclosure process")
    R c NNM, 2006 CanLII 14957 (ON CA), 209 CCC (3d) 436, par Juriansz JA (3:0), au para 37 ("Even when the Crown has clearly failed to make mandated disclosure, the defence is not necessarily entitled to refuse to proceed to the next step or to set a date for trial. .”")
    R c Kovacs-Tator, 2004 CanLII 42923 (ON CA), 192 CCC (3d) 91, par curiam (3:0), au para 47 (Ont. C.A.) ("the Crown is not obliged to disclose every last bit of evidence before a trial date is set")
  2. Egger, supra, aux paras 19 to 20
    R c Lahiry, 2011 ONSC 6780 (CanLII), 283 CCC (3d) 525, par Code J, au para 114 ("It is only when the missing disclosure is truly material to "crucial steps" in the process, like election and plea, that it will justify delay at these early stages.")
  3. e.g. R c Black, 1998 CanLII 5042 (NS SC), 515 APR 297, par Saunders J- judge lists tactical factors that come into play in making election

Retarder et retenir la divulgation

Le droit à la divulgation « n’est ni absolu ni illimité ».[1]

Lorsque la divulgation est retardée ou refusée, il incombe à la Couronne de le justifier.[2]

Divulgation retardée

La Couronne dispose d'un pouvoir discrétionnaire limité pour retarder la divulgation dans « de rares circonstances » afin de « protéger l'intégrité d'une enquête en cours ».Erreur de référence : Balise fermante </ref> manquante pour la balise <ref>

La Couronne a également le pouvoir discrétionnaire de déterminer la manière la plus efficace de produire la divulgation.[3]

Une grande déférence doit être accordée à la manière et au moment de la divulgation.Erreur de référence : Balise fermante </ref> manquante pour la balise <ref>

  1. R c Basi, 2009 SCC 52 (CanLII), [2009] 3 SCR 389, par Fish J (7:0), au para 1
    R c McNeil, 2009 SCC 3 (CanLII), [2009] 1 SCR 66, par Charron J (8:0), au para 18
  2. R c Egger, 1993 CanLII 98 (SCC), [1993] 2 SCR 451, par Sopinka J (5:0), au p. 466
  3. Stinchcombe, supra, au p. 339
    R c Chaplin, 1995 CanLII 126 (SCC), [1995] 1 SCR 727, par Sopinka J (9:0), au para 21
    R c Egger, 1993 CanLII 98 (SCC), [1993] 2 SCR 451, par Sopinka J (5:0)
    R c Durette, 1994 CanLII 123 (SCC), [1994] 1 SCR 469, par Sopinka J (4:3)

Quand les obligations existent

La Couronne ne sera soumise à l'obligation de divulgation que lorsqu'elle possède ou contrôle des éléments de preuve « et » suffisamment pertinents. Cela ne s'appliquera que lorsque la défense cherchera à exercer son droit à la divulgation.

Les informations en possession du gouvernement mais non découvertes au cours de l'enquête ne sont « pas » régies par Stinchcombe. <réf> R c Elkins, 2017 BCSC 245 (CanLII), par Sewell J, au para 24
</ref> Stincombe ne s'appliquera généralement qu'aux « fruits de l'enquête ».[1] L'exception à cette règle existe pour les dossiers en possession ou sous le contrôle de la Couronne qui sont « manifestement pertinents » pour le dossier de l'accusé.[2] Le sens de l'expression "manifestement pertinent" ne crée pas une nouvelle norme de pertinence, mais applique la norme normale de pertinence. Cependant, la certitude avec laquelle il s'agirait d'une réponse et d'une défense complètes est au-delà du simple "probable" et est quelque chose dont l'utilisation est "facilement vue ou comprise". [3]

  1. , ibid., au para 25
  2. R c Pascal, 2020 ONCA 287 (CanLII), au para 106 ("However, the police obligation of disclosure to the prosecuting Crown extends beyond the “fruits of the investigation”. The police should also disclose to the prosecuting Crown any additional information that are “obviously relevant” to the accused’s case. This “obviously relevant” information is not within the investigative files, but must be “disclosed under Stinchcombe because it relates to the accused’s ability to meet the Crown’s case, raise a defence, or otherwise consider the conduct of the defence”: Gubbins, at para. 23.")
    R c Gubbins, 2018 SCC 44 (CanLII), [2018] 3 SCR 35, par Rowe J
  3. R c Sandhu, 2020 ABQB 459 (CanLII), par Achkerl J, au para 36

Obligations de divulgation engageant la défense

Il incombe initialement à la défense d'invoquer son droit à la divulgation.[1] Le droit à la divulgation entre en jeu dès que l’avocat de la défense le demande.[2] Après cela, il incombe à la Couronne de divulguer tous les documents pertinents de Stinchcombe.[3]

L'obligation existera pour tous les éléments de preuve pour lesquels il existe une « possibilité raisonnable » que les éléments de preuve soient utilisés pour présenter une réponse et une défense pleine et entière.[4]

L'obligation de divulguer entre en jeu dès que l'accusé demande des renseignements à la Couronne, à tout moment après le dépôt de l'accusation. <réf> Stinchcombe #1, supra, au p. 342</ref> If the defence fails to raise the issue and remains passive, they are less able to claim that non-disclosure affected trial fairness.[5]

Devoir de diligence

La défense a l'obligation de poursuivre avec diligence la divulgation en recherchant et en poursuivant activement la divulgation une fois qu'elle en a pris connaissance ou aurait dû en avoir connaissance.[6] This means the defence should bring any failure to disclose to the Court's attention at the earliest opportunity so that the judge can remedy any trial unfairness.[7] The defence should review the disclosure and identify anything missing as soon as possible.[8]

La défense ne peut pas prétendre que le manque de divulgation a affecté l’équité du procès lorsqu’elle reste passive face à une décision tactique ou en raison d’un manque de diligence.[9]

L’omission de lire la divulgation et de découvrir des défauts ne peut pas être utilisée pour étayer une conclusion selon laquelle il y a eu un manquement de la Couronne à l’obligation de divulguer.[10]

Expéditions de pêche

La défense ne devrait pas s'engager dans des demandes de divulgation qui équivaudraient à de simples « expéditions de pêche », car elles tendent à « saper sur la bonne foi et la franchise qui devraient régir la conduite de l'avocat ».Erreur de référence : Balise fermante </ref> manquante pour la balise <ref>

The process is an "entwined in a mutual, continuous and reciprocal process" where both parties are obligated to cooperate in a reasonable and timely manner.[11]

The duty of defence to cooperate flows from the obligation to avoid delay.[12]

  1. R v Atwell, 2022 NSSC 304 at para 10 ("Mr. Dennis has a right to disclosure of possibly relevant information. However, it is a right that must be asserted...")
    R c Eadie, 2010 ONCJ 403 (CanLII), par Keast J, au para 42
  2. R c Stinchcombe, 1991 CanLII 45 (SCC), [1991] 3 SCR 326, par Sopinka J (7:0),, au p. 342 ("The obligation to disclose will be triggered by a request by or on behalf of the accused. Such a request may be made at any time after the charge.")
    R c O'Connor, 1995 CanLII 51 (SCC), [1995] 4 SCR 411, par Lamer CJ and Sopinka J (dissenting on other issues), au para 5 ("The Crown's duty to disclose information in its possession is triggered when a request for disclosure is made by the accused")
    R c Anderson, 2013 SKCA 92 (CanLII), 300 CCC (3d) 296, par Ottenbreit JA (3:0), au para 17 ("The obligation to disclose will be triggered by a request by or on behalf of the accused")
    R c Girimonte, 1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA), 121 CCC (3d) 33, par Doherty JA (3:0), ("The Crown's obligation to disclose is triggered by a request for disclosure from counsel for an accused.")
  3. Atwell, supra at para 10 ("Once a request is made the onus shifts to the Crown to comply with the request")
    {Eadie, supra at para 44
  4. R c Chaplin, 1995 CanLII 126 (SCC), [1995] 1 SCR 727, par Sopinka J (9:0), aux paras 26 to 27 ("The Crown's disclosure obligations are triggered when there is a reasonable possibility the evidence will be useful to the accused in making full answer and defence.")
    see also R c Taillefer, 2003 SCC 70 (CanLII), [2003] 3 SCR 307, par LeBel J (9:0), au para 61
  5. R c Dixon, 1998 CanLII 805 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 244, par Cory J (5:0), au para 38 ("Whether a new trial should be ordered on the basis that the Crown’s non‑disclosure rendered the trial process unfair involves a process of weighing and balancing. If defence counsel knew or ought to have known on the basis of other disclosures that the Crown through inadvertence had failed to disclose information yet remained passive as a result of a tactical decision or lack of due diligence it would be difficult to accept a submission that the failure to disclose affected the fairness of the trial. ...")
  6. Stinchcombe #1, supra, au p. 341
    Dixon, supra, au para 37 ("In considering the overall fairness of the trial process, defence counsel’s diligence in pursuing disclosure from the Crown must be taken into account. A lack of due diligence is a significant factor in determining whether the Crown’s non‑disclosure affected the fairness of the trial process. ... The fair and efficient functioning of the criminal justice system requires that defence counsel exercise due diligence in actively seeking and pursuing Crown disclosure. The very nature of the disclosure process makes it prone to human error and vulnerable to attack. As officers of the court, defence counsel have an obligation to pursue disclosure diligently. When counsel becomes or ought to become aware, from other relevant material produced by the Crown, of a failure to disclose further material, counsel must not remain passive. Rather, they must diligently pursue disclosure.")
  7. Stinchcombe, supra at 341
  8. R c Barbour, 2017 ABCA 231 (CanLII), par curiam, au para 32 ("Once disclosure is obtained, the accused has an obligation to review that disclosure, and identify anything that appears to be missing. The defence must 'exercise due diligence in actively seeking and pursuing Crown disclosure'")
    Dixon, supra, au para 37
    Stinchcombe, supra, au p. 341
  9. Dixon, supra, au para 38
    Barbour, supra, au para 32 ("If the Crown disclosure, or the facts of the case, make it apparent that third parties may have records that will assist in making answer and defence, the accused must act diligently in obtaining that information or in bringing an O’Connor application. The court will not be sympathetic where a tactical decision was made not to pursue known documents")
  10. Barbour, supra, au para 32
  11. Atwell, supra at para 11
    {Eadie, supra, au para 48 ("It is clear, as a matter of law, the Crown and defence are entwined in a mutual, continuous and reciprocal process, wherein they each have a duty to reasonably and timely co-operate in the disclosure process.")
  12. Atwell, supra at para 11

Burden

Once the right to disclosure has been invoked by the Defence the onus is upon the Crown to comply with the obligation. The Crown may refuse to disclose certain information, but has the burden of proving why full disclosure should not be applied.[1]

Bases for Refusing Disclosure

The information will not be considered disclosure where it is: [2]

  1. Irrelevant
  2. Not in the control of the Crown
  3. Privileged
  4. Barred by statute

Satisfying any one of these requirements will eliminate any disclosure obligations upon the Crown. The Crown may then refuse the request.[3]

Standard of Proof

The grounds to disclose must be established on a balance of probabilities.[4]

Crown Disputing Relevance

If the crown disputes the existence of any particular material, the applicant "must establish the basis that could enable to court to conclude that further material exists that is potentially relevant. The existence of the disputed material must be sufficiently identified, not only to reveal its nature but also to permit the court to conclude that it made meet the test required for prosecutorial disclosure."[5]

The Crown must satisfy the court that the evidence sought is "clearly irrelevant."[6]

  1. R c Durette, 1994 CanLII 123 (SCC), 88 CCC (3d) 1, par Sopinka J, au para 44
    In contrast, if the disclosure is third-party records, the burden is upon the accused.
  2. Chaplin, supra, au para 25 (The Crown "must justify non-disclosure by demonstrating either that the information sought is beyond its control, or that it is clearly irrelevant or privileged")
    see also R c Bottineau, 2005 CanLII 63780 (ON SC), [2005] OJ No 4034, par Watt J, au para 45
  3. Stinchcombe, supra, au p. 339
    Stinchcombe #2, supra, au p. 755
  4. R c Dixon, 1998 CanLII 805 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 244, par Cory J (5:0) , au para 32
  5. R c Chaplin, 1995 CanLII 126 (SCC), [1995] 1 SCR 727, par Sopinka J (9:0), aux paras 30 to 33
  6. R c Gubbins, 2018 SCC 44 (CanLII), [2018] 3 SCR 35, par Rowe J (8:1), au para 29
    R c Stipo, 2019 ONCA 3 (CanLII), 370 CCC (3d) 311, par Watt JA, au para 79
    In comparison the standard for third party disclosure is "likely relevant" (see Stipo, au para 80)

Possession or Control

Voir également: Disclosure of Third Party Records

Just because a record is in the possession of a Crown entity, does not amount to possession or control.[1]

The law cannot impose an obligation of the crown in relation to materials that "does not have or cannot obtain". [2]

Where evidence is not in the control of the Crown it may be the subject of a common law third party records application, also known as an "O'Connor Application."[3]

In an O'Connor application, the Defence must show that the evidence is "likely relevant."[4]

The prosecuting Crown has an obligation to "make reasonable inquiries of other Crown entities and other third parties" of whether they may be in possession of relevant evidence.[5]

  1. R c McNeil, 2009 SCC 3 (CanLII), [2009] 1 SCR 66, par Charron J (8:0)
    R c Oleksiuk, 2013 ONSC 5258 (CanLII), 55 MVR (6th) 107, par James J, au para 26
  2. R c Elkins, 2017 BCSC 245 (CanLII), par Sewell J, au para 25
    McNeil, supra, au para 22
  3. R c O’Connor, 1995 CanLII 51 (SCC), [1995] 4 SCR 411 (SCC), par L'Heureux‑Dubé J
    McNeil, supra
  4. O'Connor, supra
  5. McNeil, supra, aux paras 13, 49

Relevance

Voir également: Right to Make Full Answer and Defence

Not all information in possession of police must be disclosed. It must only be "relevant" evidence.[1] The "threshold question in any instance of non-disclosure is whether the evidence was relevant"[2]

The threshold of relevancy is quite low. The relevancy exists where there is "a reasonable possibility of the information being useful to the accused in making full answer and defence."[3] Full answer and defence is engaged where the evidence can be used:[4]

  1. in meeting the Crown's case;
  2. "advancing a defence";
  3. "otherwise in making a decision which may affect the conduct of the defence such as, for example, whether to call evidence".

The scope of relevancy is "broad" and will include materials that "may have only marginal value to the ultimate issues at trial."[5] The Crown "must err on the side of inclusion" when deciding whether to include the materials in disclosure.[6]

Relevance is not limited solely to inculpatory evidence nor only evidence that the Crown would adduce at trial. "Relevant materials" includes all materials for which there is a "reasonable possibility" that it may be useful for the defence. All possible exculpatory evidence must be provided as well, however, this obligation does not extend to a duty to examine the exculpatory evidence.[7]

Relevance can be related to the usefulness for defence as far as decisions on conducting the defence including whether to call evidence.[8]

Relevant evidence is not limited to admissible evidence and can include that evidence which is not inadmissible at trial.[9]

Limitations on Relevance

Relevancy however can be limited by the need for a "realistic standard of disclosure consistent with fundamental fairness."[10] It must still permit the sustem to be "workable, affordable and expeditious". It should not be so broad as to include "anything that might conceivably be used in cross-examination."[11] It is not meant to include "every scintilla of information" that may have utility to the defence.[12]

There is some authority to suggest that when the relevancy only relates to a voir dire on admissibility of evidence, and not the trial itself, the burden is upon the accused.[13]

Refusal to disclose clearly irrelevant disclosure

The burden is upon the Crown to prove that the information was "clearly irrelevant."[14]

Refusal to disclose is reviewable by the trial judge.[15]


  1. R c Banford, 2011 SKQB 418 (CanLII), [2012] 3 WWR 835, par McLellan J, au para 5 citing Stinchcombe, among others
  2. R c Banford, 2010 SKPC 110 (CanLII), 363 Sask R 26 (SKPC), par Toth J, au para 13
  3. R c McNeil, 2009 SCC 3 (CanLII), [2009] 1 SCR 66, par Charron J (8:0), au para 14 (includes “any information in respect of which there is a reasonable possibility that it may assist the accused in the exercise of the right to make full answer and defence.”)
    R c Taillefer, 2003 SCC 70 (CanLII), [2003] 3 SCR 307, par LeBel J (9:0), au para 60
    R c Chaplin, 1995 CanLII 126 (SCC), 96 CCC (3d) 225, par Sopinka J (9:0), au p. 236
    R c Dixon, 1998 CanLII 805 (SCC), (1998) 1 SCR 244, par Cory J (5:0), aux paras 20 to 22
    R c Girimonte, 1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA), 121 CCC (3d) 33, par Doherty JA (3:0), aux pp. 41 to 42 (information is relevant if "there is a reasonable possibility that withholding the information will impair the accused's right to make full answer and defence.")
    R c Egger, 1993 CanLII 98 (SCC), [1993] 2 SCR 451, par Sopinka J (5:0), au p. 467
    R c Banford, 2011 SKQB 418 (CanLII), 386 Sask R 141, par McLellan J, au para 5
  4. Egger, supra, au p. 467
    Dixon, supra, aux paras 20 to 22
    R c Anderson, 2013 SKCA 92 (CanLII), 300 CCC (3d) 296, par Ottenbreit JA (3:0)
  5. Dixon, supra, au para 23
  6. Chaplin, supra
  7. R c Daley, 2008 BCCA 257 (CanLII), [2008] BCJ No 1341, par Lowry JA, aux paras 13 to 15 and by the Ontario Court of Appeal in R c Darwish, 2010 ONCA 124 (CanLII), 252 CCC (3d) 1, par Doherty JA (3:0)
    , 252 CCC (3d) 1, aux paras 28 to 30 and 39 to 40 leave to SCC denied
  8. R c Egger, 1993 CanLII 98 (SCC), [1993] 2 SCR 451, par Sopinka J (5:0), au p. 467 ("if it is of some use, it is relevant and should be disclosed ...This requires a determination by the reviewing judge that production of the information can reasonably be used by the accused either in meeting the case for the Crown, advancing a defence or otherwise in making a decision which may affect the conduct of the defence such as, for example, whether to call evidence.")
  9. R c Barbosa, 1994 CanLII 7549 (ON SC), 92 CCC (3d) 131, par Hill J, au p. 140
    R c Derose, 2000 ABPC 67 (CanLII), 264 AR 359, par Allen J
  10. O'Connor, supra, au para 194
  11. O'Connor, supra, au para 194
  12. O'Connor, supra, au para 194
  13. R c Ahmed, 2012 ONSC 4893(*pas de liens CanLII) - disclosure of source handler notes
    R c Cater, 2011 NSPC 86 (CanLII), 985 APR 46, par Derrick J, au para 26
  14. R c Stinchcombe, 1991 CanLII 45 (SCC), [1991] 3 SCR 326 (SCC), par Sopinka J (7:0)
    R c Pena, 1996 CarswellBC 2885(*pas de liens CanLII) , au para 17
  15. Stinchcombe, supra, au p. 12

Privilege

Voir également: Privilege

Privileged materials can take many forms:[1]

  1. protection of persons from harassment or injury[2]
  2. protect informer privilege [3]
  3. protect confidential investigative techniques [4]
  4. protection of confidential information while an investigation is ongoing [5]
  5. Litigation Privilege, Crown work-product privilege
  6. statutory privilege such as under the Code and CEA

Any materials in control of the Crown that is claimed to be privileged cannot be compelled to disclose to either the defence or the court unless there are proper grounds. [6] The McClure threshold test determines the grounds which requires the materials could raise a reasonable doubt of guilt.[7] The threshold test requires:[8]

  1. there be no other source of the information sought;
  2. the accused cannot raise a reasonable doubt in any other way.

Materials that "may put at risk the security and safety of persons who have provided prosecution with information" is protected by informer privilege.[9]

Where the materials are privileged there is no need to address threshold relevance.[10]

Burden

Where the defence seek disclosure of claimed privileged materials, "the accused has the burden of demonstrating why privilege is wrongly claimed."[11]

Crown Counsel's Notes

Where the interview of Crown witnesses discloses new information to the Crown or police, any notes of counsel may be subject to disclosure.[12]

  1. e.g. R c Eddy, 2014 ABQB 164 (CanLII), 583 AR 217, par Acton J, au para 23
  2. see Stinchcombe #1, supra, au p. 336
  3. see Stinchcombe #1, supra, au p. 336
  4. R c Richards, 1997 CanLII 3364 (ON CA), 115 CCC (3d) 377, par curiam
  5. R c Egger, 1993 CanLII 98 (SCC), [1993] 2 SCR 451, par Sopinka J (5:0)
  6. R c Polo, 2005 ABQB 250 (CanLII), 195 CCC (3d) 412, par Clackson J, au para 27
    R c McClure, 2001 SCC 14 (CanLII), [2001] 1 SCR 445, par Major J (9:0), au para 27
  7. McClure, supra, au para 27
  8. Polo, supra, au para 15
  9. R c Stinchombe, 1991 CanLII 45 (SCC), [1991] 3 SCR 326, par Sopinka J (7:0), au para 16
  10. R c Leipert, 1997 CanLII 367 (SCC), [1997] 1 SCR 281, par McLachlin J (9:0), au para 36
  11. R c Eddy, 2014 ABQB 164 (CanLII), 583 AR 217, par Acton J, au para 92
    See also R c Polo, 2005 ABQB 250 (CanLII), 195 CCC (3d) 412, par Clackson J
  12. R c Reagan, [1991] N.S.J. No 482(*pas de liens CanLII)
    R c Ladouceur (1992), B.C.J. No 2854 (S.C.)(*pas de liens CanLII)
    R c O'Connor, 1995 CanLII 51 (SCC), [1995] 4 SCR 411, 103 CCC (3d) 1, par L'Heureux‑Dubé J

Duration of the Obligation

The obligation to provide disclosure only begins once charges have been laid. There is no right prior to that.[1]

The duty is engaged upon the request of the accused. It is continuous throughout the proceedings up to and including the trial. The Crown may object to the request on the basis that it is irrelevant, outside of their control, or otherwise privileged.[2] The burden is on the Crown to justify the refusal to disclose.

The duty to disclose is ongoing and so any new information received must also be disclosed.[3]

Once the Crown alleges that it has fulfilled the disclosure obligation it has no obligation to justify the "non disclosure of materials the existence of which it is unaware or denies." Unless the applicant is able to "establish a basis which could enable the presiding judge to conclude that there is in existence further material which is potentially relevant...."[4]

  1. R c Gillis, 1994 ABCA 212 (CanLII), 91 CCC (3d) 575, par Fraser CJ (3:0), au para 7
  2. R c Chaplin, 1995 CanLII 126 (SCC), [1995] 1 SCR 727, par Sopinka J (9:0)
  3. Stinchcombe #1, supra, au p. 343
  4. Chaplin, supra, au p. 743

After Verdict

Fresh Evidence

The right to disclosure may not extend to the into a conditional sentence breach hearing as there is less of a right to full answer and defence.[1]

The obligation to disclose remains in effect through the appellate process.[2] This obligation covers any materials in the possession of the crown that "may reasonably assist the appellant in the prosecution of his or her appeal, subject to any privilege or overriding third-party privacy interest."[3]

There are some "reasonable parameters" around disclosure post-conviction. The court must be mindful that the "justice system does not become disproportionately overburdened" and cause delay in addressing the "more important issues."[4]

Where in applicant seeks further disclosure on appeal to support a fresh evidence application, he must establish that:[5]

  • There is a connection between "the request for production and the fresh evidence proposed, or in other words the applicant must show that there is a reasonable possibility that the material sought could assist on the application for fresh evidence"
  • There is some reasonable possibility that the evidence to which the production request is linked may be received as fresh evidence on appeal.
  1. R c Sitaram, 2011 ONCJ 199 (CanLII), 277 CCC (3d) 421, par Nakatsuru J
  2. R c Trotta, 2004 CanLII 60014 (ON CA), 23 CR (6th) 261, par Doherty JA (3:0)
    R c Meer, 2015 ABCA 163 (CanLII), par Veldhuis JA (alone)
  3. Trotta, supra, au para 25
    Meer, supra, au para 8
    R c Johnston, 2019 BCCA 107 (CanLII), aux paras 56 to 61
  4. hznmd, supra, au para 64
  5. Trotta, supra, au para 23
    Meer, supra, au para 9

Timing of Disclosure

see also: Delayed Disclosure, above

Conceptually, Disclosure can be divided into three phases:[1]

  1. "Initial disclosure": evidence required before there can be an election of mode of trial;[2]
  2. "Intermediate disclosure": evidence required before a plea is entered; and
  3. "Final disclosure": all Disclosure must be provided prior to trial.

It is not always necessary to provide full disclosure prior to a preliminary inquiry as long as full disclosure is made early enough before trial so as not to violate the right to full answer and defence.[3] Where sufficient but incomplete evidence is disclosed, the defence are not entitled "to refuse to proceed to the next step or to set a date for trial."[4]

Consequence of Late Disclosure

Where the late disclosure does not amount to a Charter breach that would require a stay of proceedings, the judge can consider a mistrial, a refusal to admit the evidence or an adjournment.[5]

Witnesses Changing Evidence

Where the Crown learns of a recanting witness and provides immediate notice to the defence counsel on the night before the witness is to testify, it does not violate the right to full answer and defence.[6]

  1. R c Valdirez-Ahumada, 1992 CanLII 875 (BC SC), par unknown J
  2. See also R c Girimonte, 1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA), 121 CCC (3d) 33, par Doherty JA (3:0) ("Initial disclosure must occur sufficiently before the accused is called upon to elect or plead so as to permit the accused to make an informed decision as to the mode of trial and the appropriate plea. In a perfect world, initial disclosure would also be complete disclosure.")
  3. R c Nova Scotia Pharmaceutical Society, 1992 CanLII 4513 (NS SC), 320 APR 431, par A Boudreau J
    R c Biscette, 1995 ABCA 234 (CanLII), 99 CCC (3d) 326, par Côté JA (2:1)
    R c Adam, 2006 BCSC 350 (CanLII), 70 WCB (2d) 1008, par Romilly J
  4. R c NNM, 2006 CanLII 14957 (ON CA), 209 CCC (3d) 436, par Juriansz JA (3:0)
  5. R c Barrette, 1976 CanLII 180 (SCC), 29 CCC (2d) 189, par Pigeon J
    R c Davis, 1998 CanLII 18030 (NL CA), 159 Nfld & PEIR 273 (NLCA), par Green JA
  6. R c Buric, 1996 CanLII 1525 (ON CA), 106 CCC (3d) 97, par Labrosse JA (2:1)

Sufficiency of Existing Disclosure

It is not appropriate for the "Stinchcombe obligations" to be interpreted as creating any sort of duty investigate.[1]

Experts

See Expert Evidence#Notice to Call Expert Evidence for details on sufficiency of disclosure summarizing the expert's evidence. A failure to provide sufficient disclosure in relation to the experts could result in a mistrial.[2]

  1. see below regarding "Where the Obligation Does Not Exist"
  2. e.g. R c BB, 2016 ABQB 647 (CanLII), par Pentelechuk J - motion for mistrial denied
    R c LAT, 1993 CanLII 3382 (ON CA), 84 CCC (3d) 90, par Lacourcière JA (3:0) - new trial ordered for calling rebuttal witness without sufficient disclosure of rebuttal witness.

Duty to Inquire and Obtain Disclosure ("McNeil" Obligations)

Voir également: Disclosure of Third Party Records

In "appropriate cases", the Crown has an obligation "to make reasonable inquiries" with third-party state authorities who are believed to be in possession of threshold relevant materials and it would be "reasonably feasible to do so."[1] This duty may also extend to making inquiries as to the existence of some fact.[2]

For the purpose of first-party disclosure obligations, the "Crown" refers to the "prosecuting Crown" only.[3]

It is not a valid argument to simply assert that the inquiry should be made because it is "easy."[4]

Threshold relevance

Where the evidence is “obviously relevant” the Crown must disclose unprompted.[5]

The test for McNeil record is “likely relevant” or “reasonably possible” relevance. [6] This standard includes all materials that have a "reasonable possibility" to be useful in making full answer and defence.[7]

Duty of Inquiry

Where an inquiry has failed the crown must notify the accused.[8]

The duty is engaged once the prosecuting Crown becomes aware of the relevancy of certain records.[9]

Example organizations

Relevant records held by Health Canada would be considered McNeil records that the Crown is obliged to seek out.[10]

This may include the provincial securities commission who are known to have undertaken a investigation related to the prosecution. [11]

  1. R c McNeil, 2009 SCC 3 (CanLII), [2009] 1 SCR 66, par Charron J (8:0), au para 13 and 49
    R c Ahluwalia, 2000 CanLII 17011 (ON CA), 149 CCC (3d) 193, 138 OAC 154 (CA), par Doherty JA, aux paras 71 to 72
  2. e.g. R c Esseghaier, 2021 ONCA 162 (CanLII), par curiam, au para 27
  3. R c Quesnelle, 2014 SCC 46 (CanLII), [2014] 2 SCR 390, par Karakatsanis J (7:0)
    McNeil, supra
  4. R c Woods, 2015 ABPC 23 (CanLII), par Lepp J, au para 31 ("it is important to remember that the accused does not overcome the hurdle of providing evidence that the information sought actually exists and is relevant by showing only that the inquiry is easy to make. If it were otherwise, “easy inquiries” would quickly become the equivalent of first party disclosure and the authorities would suffer death by a thousand cuts.")
  5. McNeil, supra
  6. McNeil, supra, aux paras 43 and 44
  7. McNeil, supra, au para 44 ("As we have seen, likely relevance for disclosure purposes has a wide and generous connotation and includes information in respect of which there is a reasonable possibility that it may assist the accused in the exercise of the right to make full answer and defence.")
  8. McNeil, supra
  9. McNeil
  10. R c King (No. 5), 2017 CanLII 15296 (NLSCTD), par Marshall J, au para 53
  11. R c Clarke, Colpitts and Potter, 2013 NSSC 386 (CanLII), par Hood J

Procedure For Enforcing Right

Where disclosure issues arise, the court should consider the issues as follows: [1]

  1. establish a violation of the right to disclosure;
  2. demonstrate on a balance of probabilities that the right to make full answer and defence was impaired as a result of the failure to disclose;
  3. discharge this burden by demonstrating that there is a reasonable possibility that the non-disclosure affected the outcome at trial or the overall fairness of the trial process.
Jurisdiction

A preliminary inquiry judge has no jurisdiction to order the crown to provide disclosure.[2]

Only the trial judge may make an order directing the Crown to disclose information in its control.[3] Accordingly, a provincial court judge cannot order disclosure unless the mode of trial was by provincial court judge.

A preliminary inquiry judge has no power to order disclosure and is not a "court of competent jurisdiction" to make such an order.[4]

Where defence believe initial disclosure is insufficient for making election, the justice may adjourn the election to allow the accused to seek remedy from a superior court.[5]

Where a superior court is the trial court, it will be a "court of competent jurisdiction" under s. 24(1) of the Charter.[6]

A superior court should generally defer motions until the matter is before the trial court rather than still with the inferior court.[7]

In "unusual" or "exceptional" cases a superior court justice may exercise jurisdiction under s. 24(1) of the Charter to order disclosure while the matter is still before a preliminary inquiry judge.[8] The limited jurisdiction to order disclosure does not affect the Crown obligation to provide timely disclosure.[9]

Issues relating to the "manner of disclosure tend to fall within the category of exceptional cases."[10]

Laporte Inventory

Where there is a dispute over whether there disclosure is complete, the defence may request a "Laporte Inventory", which itemizes all records in the possession of the Crown identifying which records have been disclosed and which records are being held back.[11]

  1. R c Ginnish, 2014 NBCA 5 (CanLII), 1076 APR 156, par Green JA (3:0) , au para 24
  2. R c Girimonte, 1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA), 121 CCC (3d) 33, par Doherty JA (3:0)
  3. R c SSS, 1999 CanLII 15049 (ON SC), 136 CCC (3d) 477, par Watt J, au para 34
  4. , ibid., au para 36
    Girimonte, supra, au p. 43
  5. Girimonte, supra
  6. R c Mills, 1986 CanLII 17 (SCC), [1986] 1 SCR 863, par McIntyre J
    R c Rahey, 1987 CanLII 52 (SCC), [1987] 1 SCR 588, par Lamer J (superior courts have "constant, complete and concurrent jurisdiction" with respect to s. 24(1) of the Charter, even when the matter is still before an inferior court)
  7. R c Smith, 1989 CanLII 12 (SCC), [1989] 2 SCR 1120, par Sopinka J (9:0)
    Rahey, supra, au para 16 ("But it was therein emphasized that the superior courts should decline to exercise this discretionary jurisdiction unless, in the opinion of the superior court and given the nature of the violation or any other circumstance, it is more suited than the trial court to assess and grant the remedy that is just and appropriate.") cf. R c Blencowe, 1997 CanLII 12287 (ON SC), 118 CCC (3d) 529, par Watt J - the superior court has "constant, complete and concurrent jurisdiction with the trial court for applications under Charter s. 24(1)"
  8. R c Girimonte, 1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA), 121 CCC (3d) 33, par Doherty JA (3:0) - CA dismisses appeal on disclosure order
    R c Mohammed, 2007 CanLII 5151 (ON SC), 152 CRR (2d) 129, par Dawson J, au para 2 - relates to application while matter is before preliminary inquiry judge
    R c Hallstone Products Inc, 1999 CanLII 15107 (ON SC), 140 CCC (3d) 145, par LaForme J
    R c Mincovitch, 1992 CanLII 7585 (ON SC), 74 CCC (3d) 282, par A Campbell J
  9. Girimonte, supra
  10. Mohammed, supra, au para 2
    Hallstone, supra
    Blencowe, supra
  11. R c Laporte, 1993 CanLII 6773 (SK CA), 113 Sask R 34 (CA), par Sherstobitoff JA
    R c Anderson, 2013 SKCA 92 (CanLII), 300 CCC (3d) 296, par Ottenbreit JA (3:0), au para 10

Décisions de divulgation de la Couronne

Révision des décisions

Il appartient à la Couronne de déterminer « quels documents peuvent être divulgués à la défense ».[1]

Les décisions de la Couronne de divulguer certaines informations et pas d'autres sont révisables par le juge du « procès ».[2]

Dans des circonstances exceptionnelles, toute cour supérieure de juridiction pénale peut réexaminer la divulgation en vertu de l'art. 24(1) de la Charte.[3]

Les recours en cas de décisions de divulgation inappropriées sont « en grande partie, mais pas exclusivement, fondés sur la Charte ».[4]

  1. R c SSS, 1999 CanLII 15049 (ON SC), 136 CCC (3d) 477, par Watt J, au para 33
    R c Girimonte, 1997 CanLII 1866 (ON CA), 121 CCC (3d) 33, par Doherty JA (3:0), au p. 42
  2. SSS, supra, au para 34
    Girimonte, supra, au p. 43
    R c Laporte, 1993 CanLII 9145 (SK CA), 84 CCC (3d) 343, par Sherstobitoff JA
  3. SSS, supra, au para 34
    Stinchcombe, supra, aux pp. 11 to 12
    R c Mohammed, 2007 CanLII 5151 (ON SC), 152 CRR (2d) 129, par Dawson J, au para 2B
    R c Hallstone Products Inc, 1999 CanLII 15107 (ON SC), 140 CCC (3d) 145, par LaForme J, au para 17
    R c Mincovitch, 1992 CanLII 7585 (ON SC), 74 CCC (3d) 282, par A Campbell J ("The Supreme Court of Canada and the Court of Appeal have consistently preferred the trial court to resolve Charter applications because trial courts are best suited to resolve conflicting viva voce evidence and because of the great risk of delay and fragmentation of the trial process inherent in the likelihood of interlocutory appeals.")
  4. Girimonte, supra

Forme et types de divulgation

Là où l'obligation n'existe pas

Il n'est pas approprié que les « obligations de Stinchcombe » soient interprétées comme créant une quelconque sorte d'obligation d'enquêter ou de défendre.[1]

  1. R c Eddy, 2014 ABQB 164 (CanLII), 583 AR 217, par Acton J, au para 137
    R c Darwish, 2010 ONCA 124 (CanLII), 252 CCC (3d) 1, par Doherty JA (3:0), aux paras 32 to 40
    R c Dias, 2010 ABCA 382 (CanLII), 265 CCC (3d) 34, par curiam (3:0), au para 38

Divulgation de vérification

Lorsque des documents doivent être divulgués aux fins de communication, la police et la Couronne sont autorisées à les examiner afin de supprimer les informations qui pourraient ne pas être divulguées. Les types d’informations qui peuvent être valablement supprimées de la divulgation avant d’être communiquées à la défense comprennent :

  1. informations clairement non pertinentes
  2. informations tendant à identifier une source policière confidentielle
  3. techniques d'enquête policière
  4. de conseils qui seraient couverts par le secret professionnel de l'avocat (soit l'avocat de la défense, soit l'avocat de la Couronne)

Voir plus de détails dans la section Privilège.

Restriction de l'accès à la divulgation

Violation de l'obligation de divulgation

Pour engager Stinchcombe, l'accusé demandeur a le fardeau de prouver qu'il existait une « possibilité raisonnable » que son droit à une défense pleine et entière ait été compromis par les actions de la Couronne.[1]

Not every failure to comply with Stinchcombe obligations will result in a Charter breach. There will no Charter breach if the failure "could not possibly affect the reliability of the result reached or the overall fairness of the trial process."[2]

Where relevancy is in dispute, the burden rests on the accused to prove on a balance of probabilities that breach of the Charter right to disclosure has been violated.[3]

Where a breach of the right to full disclosure is found it does not necessarily follow that the right to make full answer and defence was violated.[4] Where the right to make full answer and defence is not implicated, the usual remedy is either an adjournment or order of production.[5] In fact in general, where disclosure has not been given or is given late, the usual remedy is an adjournment.[6]

Where there is a failure on the part of the Crown to meet the Stinchcombe obligations, there is an obligation on the part of the defence to raise the issue.[7]

A failure to disclose will invoke s. 7 and 11(d) of the Charter.[8]

To establish a breach of s. 7 due to non-disclosure does not require that the claimant show actual prejudice.[9] However, a remedy under s. 24(1) to a breach to s. 7 or 11(d) of the Charter "will generally require a showing of actual prejudice to the accused's ability to make full answer and defence."[10]

When considered in the civil context, not all breaches of disclosure are equivalent.[11]

  1. R c Carosella, 1997 CanLII 402 (SCC), [1997] 1 SCR 80, par Sopinka J
  2. R c Greganti, 2000 CanLII 22800 (ON SC), 142 CCC (3d) 77, par Stayshyn J
  3. see R c O'Connor, 1995 CanLII 51 (SCC), [1995] 4 SCR 411 (SCC), par L'Heureux‑Dubé J J
    R c Bjelland, 2009 SCC 38 (CanLII), [2009] 2 SCR 651, par Rothstein J (4:3)
  4. Dixon, supra, aux paras 23 and 24
  5. see Dixon, supra, aux paras 31 and 33
  6. R c Demeter, 1975 CanLII 685 (ON CA), (1975) 10 OR 321 (CA), par curiam
    R c Caccamo, 1975 CanLII 11 (SCC), [1976] 1 SCR 786, par de Grandpré J
    Bjelland, supra, au para 25
  7. Greganti, supra ("When the defence is aware of a failure ... to disclose relevant material, there is an obligation to bring that failure to disclose to the attention of the Crown, and ... the Court.")
  8. O'Connor, supra}, au para 73
    R c Khela, 1995 CanLII 46 (SCC), [1995] 4 SCR 201, par LeBel J, au para 18
  9. R c Carosella, 1997 CanLII 402 (SCC), [1997] 1 SCR 80, par Sopinka J, au para 37 ("The right to disclosure of material which meets the Stinchcombe threshold is one of the components of the right to make full answer and defence which in turn is a principle of fundamental justice embraced by s. 7 of the Charter. Breach of that obligation is a breach of the accused’s constitutional rights without the requirement of an additional showing of prejudice.")
  10. , ibid., au para 37
    O'Connor, supra, au para 74
    R c La, 1997 CanLII 309 (SCC), [1997] 2 SCR 680, par Sopinka J, au para 25
  11. Henry v British Columbia (Attorney General), 2015 SCC 24 (CanLII), [2015] 2 SCR 214, au para 69

Defence Counsel Duties

Voir également: Role of the Defence Counsel
Obligation to Raise Disclosure Issues

The accused should openly communicate with the court on any issues with disclosure. Likewise, the Crown is entitled to rely on those representations to determine whether disclosure has been completed.[1]

Change of Counsel

When there is a change of counsel or a loss of counsel, previous counsel has a duty to facilitate the transfer disclosure to the accused or their new counsel.[2]

  1. R c Barbour, 2017 ABCA 231 (CanLII), par curiam (3:0), au para 32 ("The accused must communicate openly with the Court and Crown with respect to disclosure issues. The Court and the Crown are entitled to take assurances by the accused at face value. When the appellant represented that she had disclosure, and had spent significant amounts of time reviewing it, the Crown was entitled to assume that its obligation to disclose had been discharged.")
  2. , ibid., au para 32 ("When there is a change of counsel, or the accused becomes self-represented, there is an obligation on counsel and the accused to ensure that the disclosure is passed along or otherwise obtained by the new counsel or the accused")
    R c Dugan (1994), 149 AR 146(*pas de liens CanLII) , au para 5

See Also

External Links