Sévices graves à la personne

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Cette page a été mise à jour ou révisée de manière substantielle pour la dernière fois November 2023. (Rev. # 11573)

Principes généraux

A Dangerous Offender or Long-Term Offender Application can only be made in relation to a conviction for a "sévices graves à la personne" (SGP) under s. 752 du Code Criminel.

Avant les modifications législatives apportées au Code en août 2012, les infractions autrement admissibles à une peine d'emprisonnement avec sursis étaient considérées comme inadmissibles si elles constituaient des infractions causant des blessures graves.

La définition de « sévices graves à la personne » à l'art. 752 se lit comme suit :

Définitions

752 Les définitions qui suivent s’appliquent à la présente partie [Pt. XXIV – Délinquants dangereux et délinquants à contrôler (art. 752 à 761)]. ...
"sévices graves à la personne" Selon le cas :

a) les infractions — la haute trahison, la trahison, le meurtre au premier degré ou au deuxième degré exceptés — punissables, par mise en accusation, d’un emprisonnement d’au moins dix ans et impliquant :
(i) soit l’emploi, ou une tentative d’emploi, de la violence contre une autre personne,
(ii) soit une conduite dangereuse, ou susceptible de l’être, pour la vie ou la sécurité d’une autre personne ou une conduite ayant infligé, ou susceptible d’infliger, des dommages psychologiques graves à une autre personne;
b) les infractions ou tentatives de perpétration de l’une des infractions visées aux articles 271 (agression sexuelle), 272 (agression sexuelle armée, menaces à une tierce personne ou infliction de lésions corporelles) ou 273 (agression sexuelle grave). (serious personal injury offence)

...

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 7522008, ch. 6, art. 40 et 612010, ch. 3, art. 82012, ch. 1, art. 352014, ch. 25, art. 292018, ch. 21, art. 25

CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)


Note: 752

Except those offences enumerated in subsection (b), "any particular offence is not invariably a serious personal injury offence"(cleaned up).[1]

Application contextuelle

In determining whether an offence is a SPIO, the court does not need to be "limited to considering only those contextual factors that relate to the conduct" of the accused.Erreur de référence : Balise fermante </ref> manquante pour la balise <ref>

Le juge peut examiner les circonstances environnantes pour déterminer s'il y a eu mise en danger d'une autre personne en vertu de l'art. 752.[2]

SPIO is not restricted to offences against the person and can include any offences meeting the definition.[3]

Exemples d'infractions – infractions sexuelles

Sexual assault can be a SPIO under both 752(a) and (b).[4] Making and possessing child pornography have been considered too.[5]

Exemples d'infractions – vol qualifié

Robberies have frequently been found to a serious personal injury offence.[6]

Not every threat made while brandishing a weapon involves violence, particularly where there is no immediate apparent danger.[7]

Appellate Standard of Review

Where there is a threat of any sort the question of it amounting to violence is a question of fact.[8] Robberies involving utterances or brandishing of objects have been a mixed result.[9]

  1. R c Goulet, 2011 ABCA 230 (CanLII), 277 CCC (3d) 557, per Slatter JA, au para 9 ("The Crown concedes that any particular offence is not invariably a “serious personal injury offence”. There are some offences (for example, aggravated assault) which will likely always be serious personal injury offences. There are, however, offences which might sometimes be serious personal injury offences, and sometimes not, depending on the particular facts underlying the conviction.")
  2. R c Ali, 2010 ABPC 393 (CanLII), par Wheatley J, aux paras 13 to 17
  3. R c Morgan, 2005 CanLII 7254 (ON CA), 195 CCC (3d) 408, par MacFarland JA
  4. R c MBH, 2004 CanLII 14199 (ON CA), 186 CCC (3d) 62, par Doherty JA
    R c JY, 1996 CanLII 4916 (SK CA), 104 CCC (3d) 512, par Sherstobitoff JA
  5. R c Snowden, 2023 ONCA 768 (CanLII), par Trotter JA, au para 45
  6. e.g. R c Griffin, 2011 NSCA 103 (CanLII), 279 CCC (3d) 464, per Bryson JA
  7. R c Ponticorvo, 2009 ABCA 117 (CanLII), 246 CCC (3d) 48, par curiam
  8. R c Lebar, 2010 ONCA 220 (CanLII), 252 CCC (3d) 411, par Epstein JA, au para 50
  9. R c Przybyla, 2012 ABPC 183 (CanLII), par Barley J - no violence upon saying "give me money or I'll stab [a non-existent person]" R c Pearson, 2012 ABQB 240 (CanLII), 538 AR 236, per Michalyshyn J - no violence by holding out a pocketknife and asking for money and then leaving when none was provided

"use or attempted use of violence"

The use or attempted use of violence does not necessarily require overt violence. Several cases have stated that a robbery wherein a weapon such as a knife is displayed amounts to an act of violence.[1]

The meaning of "violence" in this context covers a "very expansive range of dangerous behaviour."[2]

  1. R c Lebar, 2010 ONCA 220 (CanLII), 252 CCC (3d) 411, par Epstien JA
    R c Griffin, 2011 NSCA 103 (CanLII), 279 CCC (3d) 464, per Bryson JA
    cf. R c Simpson, 2012 SKPC 18 (CanLII), 389 Sask R 157, par Tomkins J
  2. Lebar, supra, au para 49

"conduct endangering...life or safety"

This can cover the offence of leaving the scene of an accident under s. 320.16 [was s. 252(3.1)].[1]

The two branches of "endanger or likely to endanger" should be read as one test.[2]

  1. R c Goulet, 2011 ABCA 230 (CanLII), 277 CCC (3d) 557, per Slatter JA
    R c Ali, 2010 ABPC 393 (CanLII), par Wheatley J
    cf. R c Bruce, 2012 ABPC 8 (CanLII), par Fradsham J
  2. Goulet, supra ("The distinction between “endangerment” and “likely endangerment” is at one level only conceptual, and these two parts of the definition are best read together as one test.")

"inflict severe psychological damage"

SPI offences do not have to be offences against persons. They may also be lesser offences that involve conduct that inflicts or likely inflicts severe psychological damage. This can include offences involving sending threatening letters to the victim to dissuade them from giving evidence. [1]

A party to an offence of violence, such as someone who counsels robbery with violence, can be found to have committed a serious personal injury offence.[2]

It is not necessary to adduce expert evidence about the risk of severe psychological damage. The judge may determine it on an objective consideration of the evidence.[3]

  1. R c Morgan, 2005 CanLII 7254 (ON CA), 195 CCC (3d) 408, par MacFarland JA - leave to appeal refused - obstructing justice charge by sending a letter, found as SPIO
    R c SM, [2005] OJ No 1041(*pas de liens CanLII) threatening letter was SPIO
  2. R c Keepness, 2010 SKQB 118 (CanLII), 351 Sask R 284, par Dawson J
  3. R c Walker, 2000 CanLII 16974 (ON CA), [2000] OJ No 4091, par curiam, au para 7
    R c McGraw, 1991 CanLII 29 (SCC), [1991] 3 SCR 72, per Cory J