« Charge de la preuve » : différence entre les versions

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==Presumption of Innocence==
==Présomption d'innocence==
It is well established at common law that all persons are entitled to the legal presumption of innocence for all charges they are not convicted for.<ref>
Il est bien établi en common law que toute personne a droit à la présomption légale d'innocence pour toutes les accusations pour lesquelles elle n'est pas reconnue coupable.<ref>
{{UKCase|Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions|, [1935] AC 462}}<br>
{{UKCase|Woolmington v Director of Public Prosecutions|, [1935] AC 462}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Appleby|1nfms|1971 CanLII 4 (SCC)|[1972] SCR 303}}{{perSCC|Ritchie J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Appleby|1nfms|1971 CanLII 4 (SCC)|[1972] SCR 303}}{{perSCC|Ritchie J}}<br>
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The Charter also affirms this burden in s. 11(d):
La Charte affirme également ce fardeau à l'art. 11(d) :
{{quotation2|
{{quotation2|
11. Any person charged with an offence has the right{{ellipsis}}
; Affaires criminelles et pénales
:(d) to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal;
11 Tout inculpé a le droit :{{ellipsis}}
|[http://canlii.ca/t/8q7l CCRF]
:d) d’être présumé innocent tant qu’il n’est pas déclaré coupable, conformément à la loi, par un tribunal indépendant et impartial à l’issue d’un procès public et équitable;
|[http://canlii.ca/t/dfbx CCRF]
|{{NoteUpCCRF|11}}
|{{NoteUpCCRF|11}}
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An ancillary principle to this right, the Crown must also make out a ''prima facie'' case before the accused must respond.<ref>
Principe accessoire à ce droit, la Couronne doit également établir une preuve « prima facie » avant que l'accusé n'ait à répondre.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Dubois|1ftw5|1985 CanLII 10 (SCC)|[1985] 2 SCR 350}}{{perSCC|Lamer J}}, at pp. 357 to 258<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Dubois|1ftw5|1985 CanLII 10 (SCC)|[1985] 2 SCR 350}}{{perSCC|Lamer J}}, at pp. 357 to 258<br>
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Therefore the Crown has the burden of proving all the elements of the offence.<ref>
Il incombe donc à la Couronne de prouver tous les éléments de l'infraction.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lauer|fkdt0|2011 PECA 5 (CanLII)|269 CCC (3d) 127}}{{perPEICA|Murphy JA}}{{atL|fkdt0|73}} (“ One must keep in mind that, one of the most fundamental tenets in criminal law is that the Crown carries the burden of proving the elements of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt.  The accused person is presumed innocent, and there is absolutely no onus or burden on the accused to prove his innocence.  That burden remains on the Crown throughout the trial and never shifts. “)</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lauer|fkdt0|2011 PECA 5 (CanLII)|269 CCC (3d) 127}}{{perPEICA|Murphy JA}}{{atL|fkdt0|73}} (“ One must keep in mind that, one of the most fundamental tenets in criminal law is that the Crown carries the burden of proving the elements of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt.  The accused person is presumed innocent, and there is absolutely no onus or burden on the accused to prove his innocence.  That burden remains on the Crown throughout the trial and never shifts. “)</ref>
The onus of proving guilt never switches from the Crown to the accused.<ref>
Le fardeau de prouver la culpabilité ne passe jamais de la Couronne à l’accusé.<ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|Briand|2bkzb|2010 NLCA 44 (CanLII)|258 CCC (3d) 416}}{{perNLCA|Harrington JA}}</ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|Briand|2bkzb|2010 NLCA 44 (CanLII)|258 CCC (3d) 416}}{{perNLCA|Harrington JA}}</ref>
The “accused bears no burden to explain why his accuser made the allegations against him”<ref>
The “accused bears no burden to explain why his accuser made the allegations against him”<ref>