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« Complot (infraction) » : différence entre les versions

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==Interprétation==
==Interprétation==
L'objectif de la criminalisation des complots est d'« empêcher qu'un objectif illicite » ne soit atteint et ensuite d'« empêcher qu'un préjudice grave ne se produise ». Le Parlement avait l'intention d'intervenir « plus tôt dans le continuum du danger accru représenté par une cohorte de malfaiteurs agissant de concert ».<ref>{{CanLIIRP|Dery|1q1hs|2006 CSC 53 (CanLII)|[2006] 2 SCR 669}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}}{{atL|1q1hs|44}}<br>  
L'objectif de la criminalisation des complots est d'« empêcher qu'un objectif illicite » ne soit atteint et ensuite d'« empêcher qu'un préjudice grave ne se produise ». Le Parlement avait l'intention d'intervenir « plus tôt dans le continuum du danger accru représenté par une cohorte de malfaiteurs agissant de concert ».<ref>{{CanLIIRP|Dery|1q1hs|2006 CSC 53 (CanLII)|[2006] 2 RCS 669}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}}{{atL|1q1hs|44}}<br>  
{{CanLIIRP|Meyer|fvj4v|2012 ONCJ 791 (CanLII)|[2012] OJ No 6235}}{{perONCJ|Pacciocco J}}{{atL|fvj4v|21}}("The law of conspiracy achieves this policy [of preventing serious harm from occurring] by allowing a pre-emptive strike where there is a true agreement to achieve a mutual criminal objective.")
{{CanLIIRP|Meyer|fvj4v|2012 ONCJ 791 (CanLII)|[2012] OJ No 6235}}{{perONCJ|Pacciocco J}}{{atL|fvj4v|21}}("The law of conspiracy achieves this policy [of preventing serious harm from occurring] by allowing a pre-emptive strike where there is a true agreement to achieve a mutual criminal objective.")
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===Accord===
===Accord===
L'accord est l'essence même de l'infraction de complot.<ref>
L'accord est l'essence même de l'infraction de complot.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (SCC)|[1979] 2 SCR 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} ("The essence of criminal conspiracy is proof of agreement...")
{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (SCC)|[1979] 2 RCS 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} ("The essence of criminal conspiracy is proof of agreement...")
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An agreement can be implied or tacit. It requires a meeting of the minds to create a common intention to commit an offence.
An agreement can be implied or tacit. It requires a meeting of the minds to create a common intention to commit an offence.
The parties must have knowledge of a common goal and agreement to achieve it.<ref>
The parties must have knowledge of a common goal and agreement to achieve it.<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|Atlantic Sugar Refineries Co. v Canada (Attorney General)|1z493|1980 CanLII 226 (SCC)|54 CCC (2d) 373, [1980] 2 SCR 644}}{{perSCC|Pigeon J}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|Atlantic Sugar Refineries Co. v Canada (Attorney General)|1z493|1980 CanLII 226 (SCC)|54 CCC (2d) 373, [1980] 2 RCS 644}}{{perSCC|Pigeon J}}</ref>


There must be a "consensus to effect an unlawful purpose."<ref>
There must be a "consensus to effect an unlawful purpose."<ref>
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The charge must identify the crime(s) planned.<ref>
The charge must identify the crime(s) planned.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Saunders|1fsvd|1990 CanLII 1131 (SCC)|[1990] 1 SCR 1020}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Saunders|1fsvd|1990 CanLII 1131 (SCC)|[1990] 1 RCS 1020}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}</ref>
And it should generally identify the co-conspirators.<ref>
And it should generally identify the co-conspirators.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|TLB|g97pz|1989 CanLII 7210 (NS CA)|52 CCC (3d) 72}}{{perNSCA|Hart JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|TLB|g97pz|1989 CanLII 7210 (NS CA)|52 CCC (3d) 72}}{{perNSCA|Hart JA}}<br>
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Evidence of "how" the agreement is to be carried out, specifically to over acts to be taken are elements to the agreement element of the offence.<ref>
Evidence of "how" the agreement is to be carried out, specifically to over acts to be taken are elements to the agreement element of the offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Douglas|1fsnr|1991 CanLII 81 (SCC)|[1991] 1 SCR 301}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atL|1fsnr|28}} ("How that agreement is to be  carried out, that is to say, the steps taken in furtherance of the agreement (the overt acts) are simply elements going to the proof of the essential ingredient of the offence, namely the agreement.")
{{CanLIIRP|Douglas|1fsnr|1991 CanLII 81 (SCC)|[1991] 1 RCS 301}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atL|1fsnr|28}} ("How that agreement is to be  carried out, that is to say, the steps taken in furtherance of the agreement (the overt acts) are simply elements going to the proof of the essential ingredient of the offence, namely the agreement.")
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===Common Design===
===Common Design===
There must be a "a common plan with a common objective."<ref>  
There must be a "a common plan with a common objective."<ref>  
{{CanLIIRP|Cotroni, (sub nom. Papalia)|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (SCC)|[1979] 2 SCR 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}}
{{CanLIIRP|Cotroni, (sub nom. Papalia)|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (SCC)|[1979] 2 RCS 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}}
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The Crown must establish that the accused had an intention to become a party to the common design with the knowledge of its implications.<ref>
The Crown must establish that the accused had an intention to become a party to the common design with the knowledge of its implications.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (SCC)|[1979] 2 SCR 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} (“In addition to proof of common design, it was incumbent on the Crown to establish that each accused had the intention to become a party to that common design with knowledge of its implications.”)
{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (SCC)|[1979] 2 RCS 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} (“In addition to proof of common design, it was incumbent on the Crown to establish that each accused had the intention to become a party to that common design with knowledge of its implications.”)
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===Participation===
===Participation===
It is not required that it be proven that every member of the conspiracy be involved in its execution or that they were involved throughout the entire time. It is enough if the evidence "demonstrates that the conspiracy proven included some of the accused; establishes that it occurred at some time within the time frame alleged in the indictment; and had as its object the type of crime alleged."<ref>
It is not required that it be proven that every member of the conspiracy be involved in its execution or that they were involved throughout the entire time. It is enough if the evidence "demonstrates that the conspiracy proven included some of the accused; establishes that it occurred at some time within the time frame alleged in the indictment; and had as its object the type of crime alleged."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Douglas|1fsnr|1991 CanLII 81 (SCC)|[1991] 1 SCR 301}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atL|1fsnr|41}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Douglas|1fsnr|1991 CanLII 81 (SCC)|[1991] 1 RCS 301}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atL|1fsnr|41}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (SCC)|[1979] 2 SCR 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} ("The essence of criminal conspiracy is proof of agreement...")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (SCC)|[1979] 2 RCS 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} ("The essence of criminal conspiracy is proof of agreement...")<br>
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Involvement in only part of a whole plan will still be found guilty.<ref>
Involvement in only part of a whole plan will still be found guilty.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Shirose|1fqp4|1999 CanLII 676 (SCC)|[1999] 1 SCR 565}}{{perSCC-H|Binnie J}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Shirose|1fqp4|1999 CanLII 676 (SCC)|[1999] 1 RCS 565}}{{perSCC-H|Binnie J}}</ref>


An accused cannot be convicted for attempted conspiracy.<ref>
An accused cannot be convicted for attempted conspiracy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Dery|1q1hs|2006 CSC 53 (CanLII)|[2006] 2 SCR 669}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}} </ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Dery|1q1hs|2006 CSC 53 (CanLII)|[2006] 2 RCS 669}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}} </ref>


{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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===Evidence===
===Evidence===
Words of the co-conspirator are admissible against the accused. They are not hearsay and are rather the actus reus.<ref>  
Words of the co-conspirator are admissible against the accused. They are not hearsay and are rather the actus reus.<ref>  
{{CanLIIR-N|Cook|(1984), 39 CR (3d) 300}} aff'd in [http://canlii.ca/t/1ftv8 1986 CanLII 47] (SCC), [1986] 1 SCR 144{{perSCC|Dickson CJ}}</ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Cook|(1984), 39 CR (3d) 300}} aff'd in [http://canlii.ca/t/1ftv8 1986 CanLII 47] (SCC), [1986] 1 RCS 144{{perSCC|Dickson CJ}}</ref>


Further, the co-conspirators exception to hearsay makes statements admissible against the accused.<ref>
Further, the co-conspirators exception to hearsay makes statements admissible against the accused.<ref>
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The members of a conspiracy do not need to all play an equal role in the endeavour, nor do they need to personally commit the offence they have agreed. Any degree of assistance can create membership.<Ref>
The members of a conspiracy do not need to all play an equal role in the endeavour, nor do they need to personally commit the offence they have agreed. Any degree of assistance can create membership.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|JF|fwb36|2013 CSC 12 (CanLII)|[2013] 1 SCR 565}}{{perSCC| J}}{{atL|fwb36|54}} (...it is not necessary that all members of a conspiracy play, or intend to play, equal roles in the ultimate commission of the unlawful object.  Indeed, members in a conspiracy need not personally commit, or intend to commit, the offence which each has agreed should be committed:... Any degree of assistance in the furtherance of the unlawful object can lead to a finding of membership as long as agreement to a common plan can be inferred and the requisite mental state has been established.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|JF|fwb36|2013 CSC 12 (CanLII)|[2013] 1 RCS 565}}{{perSCC| J}}{{atL|fwb36|54}} (...it is not necessary that all members of a conspiracy play, or intend to play, equal roles in the ultimate commission of the unlawful object.  Indeed, members in a conspiracy need not personally commit, or intend to commit, the offence which each has agreed should be committed:... Any degree of assistance in the furtherance of the unlawful object can lead to a finding of membership as long as agreement to a common plan can be inferred and the requisite mental state has been established.")<br>
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Récupérée de "https://carnetdroitpenal.ca/fr/index.php/Complot_(infraction)"