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« Complot (infraction) » : différence entre les versions

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{{OffenceBox
{{OffenceBox
|OffenceTitle=Conspiracy
|OffenceTitle=Conspiration
|OffencePage=Conspiracy
|OffencePage=Conspiration
|Section=465
|Section=465
|Acte={{OBCCC}}  
|Acte={{OBCCC}}  
|CrownElection= {{OBIndictableElection}} (465(1)(b) and (c))<br> {{OBSummaryElection}} (465(1)(d))  
|CrownElection= {{OBIndictableElection}} (465(1)(b) and (c))<br> {{OBSummaryElection}} (465(1)(d))  
|Jurisdiction=s. 465(1)(b), (c):<br>{{OBJurisdictionAll}}<br>art. 465(1)(a):<br>{{OBJurisdictionExclusive}}<br>s.465(1)(d):<br>{{OBJurisdictionSumm}}  
|Jurisdiction=s. 465(1)(b), (c):<br>{{OBJurisdictionAll}}<br>art. 465(1)(a):<br>{{OBJurisdictionExclusive}}<br>art.465(1)(d):<br>{{OBJurisdictionSumm}}  
|Bail={{OBBailVar}}  
|Bail={{OBBailVar}}  
|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispAll}}
|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispAll}}
Ligne 20 : Ligne 20 :


==Aperçu==
==Aperçu==
{{OverviewXIII|conspiracy}}
{{OverviewXIII|conspiration}}


; Plaidoiries
; Plaidoiries
Ligne 122 : Ligne 122 :
</ref>
</ref>
{{InitialElements}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the words communicated in the conspiracy
# {{box}} les mots communiqués dans le complot
# {{box}} there was an agreement made between the parties
# {{box}} il y a eu un accord entre les parties
# {{box}} the parties had an intention to agree to put a "common design into effect" and did in fact agree
# {{box}} les parties avaient l'intention de s'entendre pour mettre à exécution un « projet commun » et ont effectivement accepté
# {{box}} the parties did not change their minds or intention to put common design into effect
# {{box}} les parties n'ont pas changé d'avis ni d'intention de mettre à exécution un projet commun
{{ElementEnd}}
{{ElementEnd}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==Interpretation==
==Interprétation==
The purpose of criminalizing conspiracies is to "prevent an unlawful object" from being fulfilled and then "prevent[ing] serious harm from occurring". Parliament intended to intervene "earlier along the continuum of the increased danger represented by a cohort or wrongdoers acting in concert."<ref>
L'objectif de la criminalisation des complots est d'« empêcher qu'un objectif illicite » ne soit atteint et ensuite d'« empêcher qu'un préjudice grave ne se produise ». Le Parlement avait l'intention d'intervenir « plus tôt dans le continuum du danger accru représenté par une cohorte de malfaiteurs agissant de concert ».<ref>{{CanLIIRP|Dery|1q1hs|2006 SCC 53 (CanLII)|[2006] 2 SCR 669}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}}{{atL|1q1hs|44}}<br>  
{{CanLIIRP|Dery|1q1hs|2006 SCC 53 (CanLII)|[2006] 2 SCR 669}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}}{{atL|1q1hs|44}}<br>  
{{CanLIIRP|Meyer|fvj4v|2012 ONCJ 791 (CanLII)|[2012] OJ No 6235}}{{perONCJ|Pacciocco J}}{{atL|fvj4v|21}}("The law of conspiracy achieves this policy [of preventing serious harm from occurring] by allowing a pre-emptive strike where there is a true agreement to achieve a mutual criminal objective.")
{{CanLIIRP|Meyer|fvj4v|2012 ONCJ 791 (CanLII)|[2012] OJ No 6235}}{{perONCJ|Pacciocco J}}{{atL|fvj4v|21}}("The law of conspiracy achieves this policy [of preventing serious harm from occurring] by allowing a pre-emptive strike where there is a true agreement to achieve a mutual criminal objective.")
</ref>
</ref>


A conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to do an unlawful act.<ref>
Un complot est un accord entre deux ou plusieurs personnes pour commettre un acte illégal.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|O'Brien|21v9k|1954 CanLII 42|[1954] SCR 666}}{{perSCC|Taschereau J}}{{atps|668-9}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|O'Brien|21v9k|1954 CanLII 42|[1954] SCR 666}}{{perSCC|Taschereau J}}{{atps|668-9}}<br>
See: {{CanLIIRP|Paradis|fsmsh|1933 CanLII 75 (SCC)|[1934] SCR 165}}{{perSCC|Rinfret J}}{{atp|186}} - defines as two or more persons agreeing to act in concert in pursuit of a common goal<br>
Voir : {{CanLIIRP|Paradis|fsmsh|1933 CanLII 75 (SCC)|[1934] SCR 165}}{{perSCC|Rinfret J}}{{atp|186}} - se définit comme deux ou plusieurs personnes qui conviennent d'agir de concert dans la poursuite d'un objectif commun<br>
</ref>
</ref>


There must be an "intention to agree, the completion of an agreement and a common design."<ref>
Il doit y avoir une « intention de s'entendre, la conclusion d'un accord et un projet commun ».<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|United States of America v Dynar|1fr0t|1997 CanLII 359 (SCC)|[1997] 2 SCR 462}}{{perSCC|Cory and Iacobucci JJ}}{{atL|1fr0t|86}}<br>
{{CanLIIRPC|États-Unis d'Amérique c. Dynar|1fr0t|1997 CanLII 359 (CSC)|[1997] 2 RCS 462}}{{perSCC|juges Cory et Iacobucci}}{{atL|1fr0t|86}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Root|2200k|2008 ONCA 869 (CanLII)|[2008] OJ No 5214 (OCA)}}{{perONCA-H|Watt JA}}{{atL|2200k|66}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Root|2200k|2008 ONCA 869 (CanLII)|[2008] OJ No 5214 (OCA)}}{{perONCA-H|juge Watt}}{{atL|2200k|66}}</ref>
The Crown needs only prove that there was "a meeting of the minds with regard to a common design to do something unlawful."<ref>
La Couronne n'a qu'à prouver qu'il y a eu « une réunion des volontés en vue d'un projet commun de faire quelque chose d'illégal ».<ref>
{{supra1|Dynar}}{{atL|1fr0t|87}}</ref>
{{supra1|Dynar}}{{atL|1fr0t|87}}</ref>


To prove conspiracy the facts must satisfy a three-part Carter test:<ref>
Pour prouver l'existence d'un complot, les faits doivent satisfaire à un test Carter en trois parties :<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Carter|1z1c7|1982 CanLII 35 (SCC)|[1982] 1 SCR 938}}{{perSCC-H|McIntyre J}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Carter|1z1c7|1982 CanLII 35 (CSC)|[1982] 1 RCS 938}}{{perSCC-H|juge McIntyre}}</ref>
# has the Crown proven beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of the conspiracy?
# la Couronne a-t-elle prouvé hors de tout doute raisonnable l’existence du complot ?
# has the Crown proven that the accused was on balance a member of the conspiracy?
# la Couronne a-t-elle prouvé que l’accusé était, tout compte fait, un membre du complot ?
# considering all of the evidence, including hearsay evidence, is the accused guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of being a member of the conspiracy?
# compte tenu de l’ensemble de la preuve, y compris la preuve par ouï-dire, l’accusé est-il coupable hors de tout doute raisonnable d’avoir participé au complot ?


trier of fact concludes on a balance of probabilities that the accused is a member of the conspiracy then [the trier] must go on and decide whether the Crown has established such membership beyond reasonable doubt. In this last step only, the trier of fact can apply the hearsay exception and consider evidence of acts and declarations of co-conspirators done in furtherance of the object of the conspiracy as evidence against the accused on the issue of his guilt.
Une conspiration doit comprendre (1) un accord et (2) l’objectif illégal ou le « projet commun ».<ref>
 
A conspiracy must include (1) an agreement and (2) the unlawful objective or "common design."<ref>
{{supra1|O'Brien}}{{atsL|21v9k|2| à 3}}, ("It is of course, essential that the conspirators have the intention to agree, and this agreement must be complete ... there must exist an intention to put the common design into effect.")<br>
{{supra1|O'Brien}}{{atsL|21v9k|2| à 3}}, ("It is of course, essential that the conspirators have the intention to agree, and this agreement must be complete ... there must exist an intention to put the common design into effect.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Root|2200k|2008 ONCA 869 (CanLII)|241 CCC (3d) 125}}{{perONCA-H|Watt JA}}
{{CanLIIRP|Root|2200k|2008 ONCA 869 (CanLII)|241 CCC (3d) 125}}{{perONCA-H|Watt JA}}
</ref>
</ref>


As well, the unlawful objective does not need to come about. It is the planning that is the criminal act.<ref>
De même, il n'est pas nécessaire que l'objectif illicite se réalise. C'est la planification qui constitue l'acte criminel.<ref>
{{supra1|O'Brien}}{{atL|21v9k|4}} ("The law punishes conspiracy so that the unlawful object is not attained. It considers that several persons who agree together to commit an unlawful act, are a menace to society, and even if they do nothing in furtherance of their common design, the state intervenes to exercise a repressive action, so that the intention is not materialized, and does not become harmful to any one.")
{{supra1|O'Brien}}{{atL|21v9k|4}} ("The law punishes conspiracy so that the unlawful object is not attained. It considers that several persons who agree together to commit an unlawful act, are a menace to society, and even if they do nothing in furtherance of their common design, the state intervenes to exercise a repressive action, so that the intention is not materialized, and does not become harmful to any one.")
</ref>
</ref>


A conspiracy made over the telephone will occur within the jurisdiction of both calling parties.<ref>
Un complot commis par téléphone se produira dans le ressort des deux parties qui appellent.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Doucette|5cq6|2003 PESCAD 7 (CanLII)|666 APR 163}}, ''per'' Mitchell CJ</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Doucette|5cq6|2003 PESCAD 7 (CanLII)|666 APR 163}}, ''per'' Mitchell CJ</ref>


Both legal and factual impossibility are not defences to an allegation of conspiracy.<ref>
L'impossibilité juridique et factuelle ne constitue pas une défense contre une allégation de complot.<ref>
{{supra1|Dynar}}{{atL|1fr0t|105}} (It is not relevant whether "from an objective point of view, commission of the offence may be impossible.")</ref>
{{supra1|Dynar}}{{atL|1fr0t|105}} (Il n'est pas pertinent de savoir si « d'un point de vue objectif, la perpétration de l'infraction peut être impossible. »)</ref>


It is not necessary to prove that the predicate offence was actually committed.<ref>
Il n'est pas nécessaire de prouver que l'infraction sous-jacente a effectivement été commise.<ref>
See {{CanLIIRP|Koufis|fsmws|1941 CanLII 55 (SCC)|[1941] SCR 481, 76 CCC 161 (SCC)}}{{perSCC|Taschereau J}}<br>
Voir {{CanLIIRP|Koufis|fsmws|1941 CanLII 55 (SCC)|[1941] SCR 481, 76 CCC 161 (SCC)}}{{perSCC|Taschereau J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Beaven|fvz5s|2013 SKQB 7 (CanLII)|411 Sask R 129}}{{perSKQB|Rothery J}}{{atL|fvz5s|73}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Beaven|fvz5s|2013 SKQB 7 (CanLII)|411 Sask R 129}}{{perSKQB|Rothery J}}{{atL|fvz5s|73}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


The fact that the co-conspirators are unidentified does not result in a failure to prove the offence of conspiracy.<ref>
Le fait que les co-conspirateurs ne soient pas identifiés n'entraîne pas un défaut de preuve de l'infraction de complot.<ref>
{{supra1|Root}}{{atL|2200k|69}}</ref>
{{supra1|Root}}{{atL|2200k|69}}</ref>


{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


===Agreement===
===Accord===
The agreement is the essence of the offence of conspiracy.<ref>
L'accord est l'essence même de l'infraction de complot.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (SCC)|[1979] 2 SCR 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} ("The essence of criminal conspiracy is proof of agreement...")
{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (SCC)|[1979] 2 SCR 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} ("The essence of criminal conspiracy is proof of agreement...")
</ref>
</ref>
Récupérée de "https://carnetdroitpenal.ca/fr/index.php/Complot_(infraction)"