« Peine pour Fraude » : différence entre les versions
m Remplacement de texte : « ([0-9])20([0-9][0-9])\, ch\. » par « $1; 20$2, ch. » |
m Remplacement de texte : « \{\{[aA]tsL\|([^\|]+)\|([0-9]+)\| to ([0-9]+)\}\} » par « {{atsL|$1|$2| à $3}} » |
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;Mandatory Minimum | ;Mandatory Minimum | ||
The mandatory minimum sentence for fraud over $1 million has been found in at least one instance to be unconstitutional as "cruel and unusual" punishment under s. 12 of the Charter.<ref> | The mandatory minimum sentence for fraud over $1 million has been found in at least one instance to be unconstitutional as "cruel and unusual" punishment under s. 12 of the Charter.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRx|Plange|hr3xc|2018 ONSC 1657 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Nakatsuru J}}{{atsL|hr3xc|36| | {{CanLIIRx|Plange|hr3xc|2018 ONSC 1657 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Nakatsuru J}}{{atsL|hr3xc|36| à 39}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
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{{CanLIIR-N|MacEachern|, [1978] OJ No 987}}{{ats-|8, 9}} (ONCA)<br> | {{CanLIIR-N|MacEachern|, [1978] OJ No 987}}{{ats-|8, 9}} (ONCA)<br> | ||
{{CanLIIR-N|Tucker|, [1988] NSJ No 33}}{{atp|18}} (NSCA) <br> | {{CanLIIR-N|Tucker|, [1988] NSJ No 33}}{{atp|18}} (NSCA) <br> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Hill|1mlz2|1997 CanLII 9832 (NSSC)|[1997] NSJ No 97}}{{perNSSC|Gruchy J}}{{atsL|1mlz2|13| | {{CanLIIRP|Hill|1mlz2|1997 CanLII 9832 (NSSC)|[1997] NSJ No 97}}{{perNSSC|Gruchy J}}{{atsL|1mlz2|13| à 15}} (N.S.S.C.)<br> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Toews|1spfq|2007 ABPC 235 (CanLII)|[2007] AJ No 944}}{{perABPC|Stevens-Guille J}}{{atsL|1spfq|36|, 37}} (ABPC)<br> | {{CanLIIRP|Toews|1spfq|2007 ABPC 235 (CanLII)|[2007] AJ No 944}}{{perABPC|Stevens-Guille J}}{{atsL|1spfq|36|, 37}} (ABPC)<br> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|McKinnon|1jk86|2005 ABCA 8 (CanLII)|[2005] AJ No 12}}{{perABCA|Côté JA}}{{atsL|1jk86|60| | {{CanLIIRP|McKinnon|1jk86|2005 ABCA 8 (CanLII)|[2005] AJ No 12}}{{perABCA|Côté JA}}{{atsL|1jk86|60| à 63}} (ABCA)<br> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Reid|1g9t4|2004 YKCA 4 (CanLII)|[2004] Y.J. No 3}}{{perYKCA|Hall JA}}{{atL|1g9t4|13}} (YTCA) <br> | {{CanLIIRP|Reid|1g9t4|2004 YKCA 4 (CanLII)|[2004] Y.J. No 3}}{{perYKCA|Hall JA}}{{atL|1g9t4|13}} (YTCA) <br> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Steeves|1lkkf|2005 NBCA 85 (CanLII)|[2005] N.B. J. No 351}}{{TheCourtNBCA}}{{atL|1lkkf|10}} (NBCA) <br> | {{CanLIIRP|Steeves|1lkkf|2005 NBCA 85 (CanLII)|[2005] N.B. J. No 351}}{{TheCourtNBCA}}{{atL|1lkkf|10}} (NBCA) <br> | ||
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{{CanLIIRP|Pierce|6hsr|1997 CanLII 3020 (ON CA)|114 CCC (3d) 23}}{{perONCA|Finlayson JA}} </ref> | {{CanLIIRP|Pierce|6hsr|1997 CanLII 3020 (ON CA)|114 CCC (3d) 23}}{{perONCA|Finlayson JA}} </ref> | ||
However, others suggest that it is not a full prohibition. Rather is it rate where it is a large scale fraud.<ref> | However, others suggest that it is not a full prohibition. Rather is it rate where it is a large scale fraud.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Williams|1r934|2007 CanLII 13949 (ONSC)|[2007] O.J. 1604}}{{perONSC|Hill J}}{{atsL|1r934|26| | {{CanLIIRP|Williams|1r934|2007 CanLII 13949 (ONSC)|[2007] O.J. 1604}}{{perONSC|Hill J}}{{atsL|1r934|26| à 28}} ("The sentencing option of a conditional sentence is not excluded from consideration in breach of trust fraud cases") <br> | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
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; "Large number of victims" | ; "Large number of victims" | ||
The reference to "large number of victims" under s. 380.1 (1)(c) of the code will include a group of more than 50 people.<ref> | The reference to "large number of victims" under s. 380.1 (1)(c) of the code will include a group of more than 50 people.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Johnson|2dz2h|2010 ABCA 392 (CanLII)|265 CCC (3d) 443}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atsL|2dz2h|35| | {{CanLIIRP|Johnson|2dz2h|2010 ABCA 392 (CanLII)|265 CCC (3d) 443}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atsL|2dz2h|35| à 36}}<br> | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
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; Alberta | ; Alberta | ||
There has been suggestion of three categories of major fraud:<ref> | There has been suggestion of three categories of major fraud:<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIR|Davis|g6df8|2014 ABCA 115 (CanLII)}}{{atsL|g6df8|31| | {{CanLIIR|Davis|g6df8|2014 ABCA 115 (CanLII)}}{{atsL|g6df8|31| à 34}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
# non-lawyer trust thefts. These are usually below 250,000 and attract a range of penalty of 18 months to 2 years; | # non-lawyer trust thefts. These are usually below 250,000 and attract a range of penalty of 18 months to 2 years; | ||
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Ontario cases have set the generally accepted range of sentence for major fraud or "complex" frauds at 3 to 6 years.<ref> | Ontario cases have set the generally accepted range of sentence for major fraud or "complex" frauds at 3 to 6 years.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Dobis|1dqkj|2002 CanLII 32815 (ON CA)|163 CCC (3d) 259}}{{perONCA|MacPherson JA}}{{atp|271}} - stating 3 to 5 years<br> | {{CanLIIRP|Dobis|1dqkj|2002 CanLII 32815 (ON CA)|163 CCC (3d) 259}}{{perONCA|MacPherson JA}}{{atp|271}} - stating 3 to 5 years<br> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Drakes|24f74|2009 ONCA 560 (CanLII)|252 OAC 200}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atsL|24f74|24| | {{CanLIIRP|Drakes|24f74|2009 ONCA 560 (CanLII)|252 OAC 200}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atsL|24f74|24| à 26}} (leave to appeal refused, [2009] SCCA No 381)<br> | ||
{{CanLIIR-N|Bertram|, [1990] OJ No 2013 (CA)}}{{atp|3}}<br> | {{CanLIIR-N|Bertram|, [1990] OJ No 2013 (CA)}}{{atp|3}}<br> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Wilson|1bstx|2003 CanLII 48181 (ON CA)|174 CCC (3d) 255}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|1bstx|5}}<br> | {{CanLIIRP|Wilson|1bstx|2003 CanLII 48181 (ON CA)|174 CCC (3d) 255}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|1bstx|5}}<br> | ||
{{CanLIIR|Mojadiddi|jct83|2021 ONCJ 38 (CanLII)}}{{atL|jct83|66}}<br> | {{CanLIIR|Mojadiddi|jct83|2021 ONCJ 38 (CanLII)}}{{atL|jct83|66}}<br> | ||
{{CanLIIR|Davatgar-Jafarpour|j02ms|2019 ONCA 353 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Roberts JA}}{{AtL|j02ms|34}} ("In cases of large-scale fraud, the range of sentences imposed in circumstances like the one at bar is generally three to five years")<br> | {{CanLIIR|Davatgar-Jafarpour|j02ms|2019 ONCA 353 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Roberts JA}}{{AtL|j02ms|34}} ("In cases of large-scale fraud, the range of sentences imposed in circumstances like the one at bar is generally three to five years")<br> | ||
{{CanLIIR|Khatchatourov|g7g1h|2014 ONCA 464 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|MacPherson JA}}{{ | {{CanLIIR|Khatchatourov|g7g1h|2014 ONCA 464 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|MacPherson JA}}{{atsL|g7g1h|37| à 45}}<br> | ||
R v Watts, 2016 ONSC 4843 - range of 4 to 8 years for "large scale" fraud<Br> | R v Watts, 2016 ONSC 4843 - range of 4 to 8 years for "large scale" fraud<Br> | ||
{{CanLIIR|Bogart|1cqs2|2002 CanLII 41073 (ON CA)}}{{perONCA|Laskin JA}}{{atL|1cqs2|36}}</ref> | {{CanLIIR|Bogart|1cqs2|2002 CanLII 41073 (ON CA)}}{{perONCA|Laskin JA}}{{atL|1cqs2|36}}</ref> | ||