« Enlèvement d’une jeune (infraction) » : différence entre les versions

[[en:Abduction of a Young Person (Offence)]]{{Currency2|June|2021}}

Il existe quatre formes d'infractions d'enlèvement. Il y a « l'enlèvement d'un enfant du Canada » (273.3), « l'enlèvement d'une personne de moins de 16 ans » (280), « l'enlèvement d'une personne de moins de 14 ans » (281), « l'enlèvement par le père ou la mère contrairement à une ordonnance de garde » (282) et « l'enlèvement par le père ou la mère » (283). Les deux premières infractions d'enlèvement d'une personne de moins de 16 ans (280) et de 14 ans (281) concernent le fait d'enlever illégalement un enfant à son parent ou à son tuteur. Les deux dernières infractions concernent le fait qu'un parent ou un tuteur enlève illégalement un enfant à une autre personne qui a également le droit légal de le posséder. Elles se trouvent toutes dans la partie VIII du Code criminel portant sur les « infractions contre la personne et la réputation ».

:''Fingerprints and Photos''

; Offence Designations

1993, ch. 45, art. 31997, ch. 18, art. 132008, ch. 6, art. 542015, ch. 29, art. 82019, ch. 25, art. 982021, ch. 24, art. 4

Enlèvement d’une personne âgée de moins de 16 ans

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 2802019, ch. 25, art. 106

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 2812019, ch. 25, art. 107

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 2821993, ch. 45, art. 42019, ch. 16, art. 123

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 2831993, ch. 45, art. 52019, ch. 16, art. 124

|273.3(1)(a)

|"{{ellipsis1}}did [prohibited conduct] for the purpose of removing from Canada [vicitm's name], a person under 16 years of age who was ordinarily resident in Canada, with the intention of committing an act outside Canada that would be an offence under [s. 151, 152, 160(3), or 173(2)] in respect of that person if it were committed inside Canada, to wit: [particulars of offence], contrary to section 273.3(1)(a){{CCC}}."

|273.3(1)(b)

| "{{ellipsis1}}did [prohibited conduct] for the purpose of removing from Canada [vicitm's name], a person greater than 15 years of age but less than 18 years of age who was ordinarily resident in Canada, with the intention of committing an act outside Canada that would be an offence under s. 153 in respect of that person if it were committed inside Canada, to wit: [particulars of offence], contrary to section 273.3(1)(b){{CCC}}."

|273.3(1)(c)

|"{{ellipsis1}}did [prohibited conduct] for the purpose of removing from Canada [vicitm's name], a person under the age of 18 years who was ordinarily resident in Canada, with the intention of committing an act outside Canada that would be an offence under [s. 155, 160(2), 170, 171, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, or 273] in respect of that person if it were committed inside Canada, to wit: [particulars of offence], contrary to section 273.3(1)(c){{CCC}}."

|273.3(1)(d)

|"{{ellipsis1}}did [prohibited conduct] for the purpose of removing from Canada [vicitm's name], a person under the age of 18 years who was ordinarily resident in Canada, with the intention of committing an act outside Canada that would be an offence under s. 293.1 in respect of that person if it were committed inside Canada, to wit: [particulars of offence], contrary to section 273.3(1)(d){{CCC}}."

|273.3(1)(d)

|"{{ellipsis1}}did [prohibited conduct] for the purpose of removing from Canada [vicitm's name], a person under the age of 16 years who was ordinarily resident in Canada, with the intention of committing an act outside Canada that would be an offence under s. 293.2 in respect of that person if it were committed inside Canada, to wit: [particulars of offence], contrary to section 273.3(1)(d){{CCC}}."

{{Proving|Removal of a child from Canada (under 14)|273.3(1)(a)}}<ref>

{{Proving|Removal of a child from Canada (14 to 17)|273.3(1)(b)}}<ref>

{{Proving|Removal of a child from Canada (14 to 17)|273.3(1)(c)}}

{{Proving|Removal of a child from Canada (14 to 17)|273.3(1)(d)}}

L’infraction a pour objet « d’empêcher un parent de porter intentionnellement atteinte au droit légitime de l’autre parent à la garde de son enfant. »<ref>

L’actus reus est constitué par rien de plus que « le fait d’empêcher un parent, un tuteur ou une autre personne ayant la garde ou la charge légale de l’enfant d’exercer un contrôle sur cet enfant. »<ref>

Le terme « enfant » n'est pas défini dans le Code.<ref> voir l'art. 214, qui contenait cette définition jusqu'à son abrogation en 2002</ref>

La présence du mot « illégalement » n'ajoute aucune exigence de preuve. Il s'agit en fait d'un « excédent verbal ».<ref>

Le terme « parent » n'est pas défini dans le Code.

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 2802019, ch. 25, art. 106.

Il n'est pas nécessaire qu'un parent ait « la garde ou la charge légale » pour être reconnu coupable.<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Flick|1lsgr|2005 BCCA 499 (CanLII)|202 CCC (3d) 244 }}{{perBCCA|Rowles JA}}{{atL|1lsgr|24}}  ("The fact that the girl knew she could find some refuge with the accused does not in my opinion constitute an inducement on his part.")<br>

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 2821993, ch. 45, art. 42019, ch. 16, art. 123

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 2831993, ch. 45, art. 52019, ch. 16, art. 124

{{seealso|Defences}}

The statutory defence of [[Contrainte|duress]] is excluded by s. 17 from applying to offences under s. 280 to 283.

Défense irrecevable

===Safety===

; Defence

285 No one shall be found guilty of an offence under sections 280 to 283 {{AnnSec2|280 to 283A}} if the court is satisfied that the taking, enticing away, concealing, detaining, receiving or harbouring of any young person was necessary to protect the young person from danger of imminent harm or if the person charged with the offence was escaping from danger of imminent harm.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 285;

{{LegHistory90s|1993, c. 45}}, s. 6.

The impugned act must have a sufficient connection to the harm to be avoided to justify the act.<ref>

The accused may rely upon an honest but mistaken belief as long as the act was objectively necessary based on the understanding of the accused at the time.<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Adams|g1d1s|1993 CanLII 8537 (ON CA)|79 CCC (3d) 193}}{{perONCA|Osborne JA}}

===Mistaken Belief===

In relation to an offence contrary to a custody order, it is a valid defence for the accused to have the mistaken belief that the order <ref>

; Testimonial Aids

; On Finding of Guilt

|art. 273.3 {{DescrSec|273.3}}, <br>s. 280 {{DescrSec|280}}, <br>s. 281 {{DescrSec|281}},<br> s. 282 {{DescrSec|282}} and<br> s. 283 {{DescrSec|283}} || || {{XMark}} || {{OKMark}}

===Sentencing Profile===

; Available Dispositions

|art. 273.3 {{DescrSec|273.3}}, <br>283 {{DescrSec|283}} || any || {{SProfileAll}}

; Consecutive Sentences

===Principles===

===Ranges===

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==

; Offence-specific Orders

* if convicted for s. 282 or 283, the prohibition is mandatory under s. 109 on an indictable election and discretionary under s. 110 on a summary election

; General Sentencing Orders

; General Forfeiture Orders

{{NoRecordSuspension|art. 273.3(1)(a) [removal of a child under 16 from Canada for purposes of listed offences], 273.3(1)(b) [removal of a child 16 or more but under 18 from Canada for purpose of a listed offence], 273.3(1)(c) [removal of a child under 18 from Canada for purposes of listed offences]}}

==History==

; References