« Enlèvement d’une jeune (infraction) » : différence entre les versions

[[en:Abduction of a Young Person (Offence)]]{{Currency2|June|2021}}

|Act={{OBCCC}}  

Il existe quatre formes d'infractions d'enlèvement. Il y a « l'enlèvement d'un enfant du Canada » (273.3), « l'enlèvement d'une personne de moins de 16 ans » (280), « l'enlèvement d'une personne de moins de 14 ans » (281), « l'enlèvement par le père ou la mère contrairement à une ordonnance de garde » (282) et « l'enlèvement par le père ou la mère » (283). Les deux premières infractions d'enlèvement d'une personne de moins de 16 ans (280) et de 14 ans (281) concernent le fait d'enlever illégalement un enfant à son parent ou à son tuteur. Les deux dernières infractions concernent le fait qu'un parent ou un tuteur enlève illégalement un enfant à une autre personne qui a également le droit légal de le posséder. Elles se trouvent toutes dans la partie VIII du Code criminel portant sur les « infractions contre la personne et la réputation ».

; Pleadings

{{PleadingsHybridElection-Under14|s. 273.3, 280 {{DescrSec|280}}, 281 {{DescrSec|281}}, 282 {{DescrSec|282}} and 283 {{DescrSec|283}}}}

; Release

|s. 273.3 {{DescrSec|273.3}},<br> 280 {{DescrSec|280}},<br> 281 {{DescrSec|281}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}}  

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 273.3 {{DescrSec|273.3}}, 280 {{DescrSec|280}}, 281 {{DescrSec|281}}, 282 {{DescrSec|282}} and 283 {{DescrSec|283}}}}

:''Fingerprints and Photos''

; Offence Designations

|s. 273.3 {{DescrSec|273.3}} || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark-Under10}} <!--SPIO--> || {{OKMark}} (varies) <!--consent--> || {{XMark}} <!--IPRA-->

|s. 283 {{DescrSec|283}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark-Varies-Indict}} <!--SPIO--> ||{{OKMark}} (varies) <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}} <!--IPRA-->

{{WiretapDesignation|s. 273.3 {{DescrSec|273.3}}, 280 {{DescrSec|280}}, 281 {{DescrSec|281}}, 282 {{DescrSec|282}} and 283 {{DescrSec|283}}}}

{{DODesignation|s. 273.3 {{DescrSec|273.3}}, 280 {{DescrSec|280}}, and 281 {{DescrSec|281}}}}

; Removal of child from Canada

273.3 (1) No person shall do anything for the purpose of removing from Canada a person who is ordinarily resident in Canada and who is

:(a) under the age of 16 years, with the intention that an act be committed outside Canada that if it were committed in Canada would be an offence against section 151 {{AnnSec1|151}} or 152 {{AnnSec1|152}} or subsection 160(3) {{AnnSec1|160(3)}} or 173(2) {{AnnSec1|173(2)}} in respect of that person;

:(b) 16 years of age or more but under the age of eighteen years, with the intention that an act be committed outside Canada that if it were committed in Canada would be an offence against section 153 {{AnnSec1|153}} in respect of that person;

(c) under the age of 18 years, with the intention that an act be committed outside Canada that if it were committed in Canada would be an offence against section 155 {{AnnSec1|155}}, subsection 160(2) {{AnnSec1|160(2)}} or section 170 {{AnnSec1|170}}, 171 {{AnnSec1|171}}, 267 {{AnnSec2|267}}, 268 {{AnnSec2|268}}, 269 {{AnnSec2|269}}, 271 {{AnnSec2|271}}, 272 {{AnnSec2|272}}, 273 {{AnnSec2|273}} or 320.102 {{AnnSec3|320.102}} in respect of that person; or

:(d) under the age of 18 years, with the intention that an act be committed outside Canada that, if it were committed in Canada, would be an offence against section 293.1 {{AnnSec2|293.1}} in respect of that person or under the age of 16 years, with the intention that an act be committed outside Canada that, if it were committed in Canada, would be an offence against section 293.2 {{AnnSec2|293.2}} in respect of that person.

 

{{LegHistory90s|1993, c. 45}}, s. 3

{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 13;

{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 54;

{{LegHistory10s|2015, c. 29}}, s. 8;

{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 98;

{{LegHistory10s|2021, c. 24}}, s. 4.

; Abduction of person under age of 16

280 (1) Every person who, without lawful authority, takes or causes to be taken a person under the age of 16 years out of the possession of and against the will of the parent or guardian of that person or of any other person who has the lawful care or charge of that person is guilty of

:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or

:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 280;

{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 106

; Abduction of person under age of 14

281 Every person who, not being the parent, guardian or person having the lawful care or charge of a person under the age of 14 years, unlawfully takes, entices away, conceals, detains, receives or harbours that person with intent to deprive a parent or guardian, or any other person who has the lawful care or charge of that person, of the possession of that person is guilty of

:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or

:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 281;

{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 107

; Abduction in contravention of custody or parenting order

282 (1) Every one who, being the parent, guardian or person having the lawful care or charge of a child under the age of 14 years, takes, entices away, conceals, detains, receives or harbours that child, in contravention of a custody order or a parenting order made by a court anywhere in Canada, with intent to deprive a parent or guardian, or any other person who has the lawful care or charge of that child, of the possession of that child is guilty of

:(a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years; or

:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 282;

{{LegHistory90s|1993, c. 45}}, s. 4;

{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 16}}, s. 123

; Abduction

283 (1) Everyone who, being the parent, guardian or person having the lawful care or charge of a child under the age of 14 years, takes, entices away, conceals, detains, receives or harbours that child, whether or not there is an order referred to in subsection 282(1) {{AnnSec2|282(1)}} in respect of the child, with intent to deprive a parent, guardian or any other person who has the lawful care or charge of that child, of the possession of that child, is guilty of

:(a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years; or

:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 283l;

{{LegHistory10s|1993, c. 45}}, s. 5;

{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 16}}, s. 124.

|273.3(1)(a)

|"{{ellipsis1}}did [prohibited conduct] for the purpose of removing from Canada [vicitm's name], a person under 16 years of age who was ordinarily resident in Canada, with the intention of committing an act outside Canada that would be an offence under [s. 151, 152, 160(3), or 173(2)] in respect of that person if it were committed inside Canada, to wit: [particulars of offence], contrary to section 273.3(1)(a){{CCC}}."

|273.3(1)(b)

| "{{ellipsis1}}did [prohibited conduct] for the purpose of removing from Canada [vicitm's name], a person greater than 15 years of age but less than 18 years of age who was ordinarily resident in Canada, with the intention of committing an act outside Canada that would be an offence under s. 153 in respect of that person if it were committed inside Canada, to wit: [particulars of offence], contrary to section 273.3(1)(b){{CCC}}."

|273.3(1)(c)

|"{{ellipsis1}}did [prohibited conduct] for the purpose of removing from Canada [vicitm's name], a person under the age of 18 years who was ordinarily resident in Canada, with the intention of committing an act outside Canada that would be an offence under [s. 155, 160(2), 170, 171, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, or 273] in respect of that person if it were committed inside Canada, to wit: [particulars of offence], contrary to section 273.3(1)(c){{CCC}}."

|273.3(1)(d)

|"{{ellipsis1}}did [prohibited conduct] for the purpose of removing from Canada [vicitm's name], a person under the age of 18 years who was ordinarily resident in Canada, with the intention of committing an act outside Canada that would be an offence under s. 293.1 in respect of that person if it were committed inside Canada, to wit: [particulars of offence], contrary to section 273.3(1)(d){{CCC}}."

|273.3(1)(d)

|"{{ellipsis1}}did [prohibited conduct] for the purpose of removing from Canada [vicitm's name], a person under the age of 16 years who was ordinarily resident in Canada, with the intention of committing an act outside Canada that would be an offence under s. 293.2 in respect of that person if it were committed inside Canada, to wit: [particulars of offence], contrary to section 273.3(1)(d){{CCC}}."

==Proof of the Offence==

{{Proving|Removal of a child from Canada (under 14)|273.3(1)(a)}}<ref>

{{Proving|Removal of a child from Canada (14 to 17)|273.3(1)(b)}}<ref>

{{Proving|Removal of a child from Canada (14 to 17)|273.3(1)(c)}}

{{Proving|Removal of a child from Canada (14 to 17)|273.3(1)(d)}}

The purpose of the offence is "to prevent one parent from intentionally interfering with the other parent's lawful right to custody of their child."<ref>

The ''actus reus'' is made out by nothing more than "preventing a parent, guardian, or other person having lawful care or charge of the child, from exercising control over that child."<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Dawson|1fr4r|1996 CanLII 150 (SCC)|[1996] 3 RCS 783}}{{perSCC|L’Heureux‑Dubé J}}

As with any offence, the motive or reason for taking a child is not relevant except where it is considered as part of a defence.<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Chartrand|1frqp|1994 CanLII 53 (SCC)|[1994] 2 RCS 864}}{{perSCC|L’Heureux‑Dubé J}}{{atL|1frqp|52}} (“Whether the accused may have had an innocent motive, or intended to interfere with possession for a very short period of time is beside the point.”)</ref>  

It is not necessary for the Crown to prove whether there was any coercion or persuasion of the young person.<ref>

{{CanLIIRPC|R v Vokey; R v Defouw|1lsgq|2005 BCCA 498 (CanLII)|202 CCC (3d) 236}}{{perBCCA|Rowles JA}}{{atL|1lsgq|26}}<br>

Section 30 of the Interpretation Act determines age for the purpose of this section.<ref>

The term "child" is not defined within the Code.<ref> see s. 214, which had the definition until repealed in 2002</ref>  

Section 658 provides methods of proof.<ref>

See [[Juridiction des tribunaux#Young Persons]]

Section 4(3) of the Evidence Act removes the [[Compétence et contraignabilité|spousal incompetence]] rule for all abduction offences between s. 280 and 283.

The presence of the word "unlawfully" does not add any requirement of proof. It is effectively "verbal surplusage."<ref>

===Parent, Guardian, or Person with Care of Charge===

A "parent" is not defined in the Code.  

; Definition of “guardian”

(2) In this section and sections 281 to 283 {{AnnSec2|280 to 283A}}, “guardian” includes any person who has in law or in fact the custody or control of another person.

R.S., c. C-34, s. 249;

{{LegHistory70s|1980-81-82-83, c. 125}}, s. 20.

A parent does not have to have "lawful care or charge" to be convicted.<ref>

==="Lawful Authority"===

"Lawful authority" provides a justification for those who take children from the control of their parent or guardian for their protection. The purpose of this justification is to protect good Samaritans.<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Chartrand|1frqp|1994 CanLII 53 (SCC)|[1994] 2 RCS 864}}{{perSCC|L’Heureux‑Dubé J}}{{atL|1frqp|40}} <br>

{{CanLIIRP|Flick|1lsgr|2005 BCCA 499 (CanLII)|202 CCC (3d) 244 }}{{perBCCA|Rowles JA}}{{atL|1lsgr|24}}  ("The fact that the girl knew she could find some refuge with the accused does not in my opinion constitute an inducement on his part.")<br>

; Where no belief in validity of custody order

(2) If a count charges an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSec2|282(1)}} and the offence is not proven only because the accused did not believe that there was a valid custody order or parenting order but the evidence does prove an offence under section 283 {{AnnSec2|283A}}, the accused may be convicted of an offence under that section.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 282;

{{LegHistory90s|1993, c. 45}}, s. 4.

===Consent of Attorney General===

Prosecutions under s. 283 for Parental Abduction requires written consent of the Attorney General.

(2) No proceedings may be commenced under subsection (1) {{AnnSec2|283(1)}} without the consent of the Attorney General or counsel instructed by him for that purpose.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 283;

{{LegHistory90s|1993, c. 45}}, s. 5.

{{seealso|Defences}}

The statutory defence of [[Contrainte|duress]] is excluded by s. 17 from applying to offences under s. 280 to 283.

===Consent===

; Defence

284 No one shall be found guilty of an offence under sections 281 to 283 {{AnnSec2|281 to 283}} if he establishes that the taking, enticing away, concealing, detaining, receiving or harbouring of any young person was done with the consent of the parent, guardian or other person having the lawful possession, care or charge of that young person.

{{LegHistory70s|1980-81-82-83, c. 125}}, s. 20.<br>

Where the accused is a parent, guardian or another person with lawful possession of the child, it does not mean they can get consent from themselves. Consent must be provided by a third party who meets the definition.<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Dawson|1fr4r|1996 CanLII 150 (SCC)|[1996] 3 RCS 783}}{{perSCC|L’Heureux-Dubé J}}

; No defence

286 In proceedings in respect of an offence under sections 280 to 283 {{AnnSec2|280 to 283A}}, it is not a defence to any charge that a young person consented to or suggested any conduct of the accused.

{{LegHistory70s|1980-81-82-83, c. 125}}, s. 20.

===Safety===

; Defence

285 No one shall be found guilty of an offence under sections 280 to 283 {{AnnSec2|280 to 283A}} if the court is satisfied that the taking, enticing away, concealing, detaining, receiving or harbouring of any young person was necessary to protect the young person from danger of imminent harm or if the person charged with the offence was escaping from danger of imminent harm.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 285;

{{LegHistory90s|1993, c. 45}}, s. 6.

The impugned act must have a sufficient connection to the harm to be avoided to justify the act.<ref>

The accused may rely upon an honest but mistaken belief as long as the act was objectively necessary based on the understanding of the accused at the time.<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Adams|g1d1s|1993 CanLII 8537 (ON CA)|79 CCC (3d) 193}}{{perONCA|Osborne JA}}

See also [[Contrainte]].

===Mistaken Belief===

In relation to an offence contrary to a custody order, it is a valid defence for the accused to have the mistaken belief that the order <ref>

==Participation of Third Parties==

; Testimonial Aids

; On Finding of Guilt

|s. 273.3 {{DescrSec|273.3}}, <br>s. 280 {{DescrSec|280}}, <br>s. 281 {{DescrSec|281}},<br> s. 282 {{DescrSec|282}} and<br> s. 283 {{DescrSec|283}} || || {{XMark}} || {{OKMark}}

{{606Notice5Y|s. 273.3, 280, 281, 282 and 283}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==

===Sentencing Profile===

; Maximum Penalties

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 280 {{DescrSec|280}}, s. 281 {{DescrSec|281}}, s. 282 {{DescrSec|282}} or s. 283 {{DescrSec|283}} |'''{{Max5Years}}''' [s. 280] and '''{{Max10Years}}''' [s. 281, 282 and 283]|'''{{summaryconviction}}'''}}

; Minimum Penalties

; Available Dispositions

|s. 273.3 {{DescrSec|273.3}}, <br>283 {{DescrSec|283}} || any || {{SProfileAll}}

|s. 280 {{DescrSec|280}}, <br>281 {{DescrSec|281}}|| {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoCSO}}

|s. 282 {{DescrSec|282}}|| {{summary}} || {{SProfileAll}}

|s. 282 {{DescrSec|282}} || {{indictment}} || {{SProfileNoCSO}}

{{NoCSOAvailable|F|s. 281 {{DescrSec|281}} }}

{{NoCSOAvailable|E|s. 282 {{DescrSec|282}} or 283 {{DescrSec|283}}}}

{{NoCSOSPIO|B|s. 282 or 283}}

; Consecutive Sentences

===Principles===

===Ranges===

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==

; Offence-specific Orders

* {{PrimDNA1|s. 273.3(2)}}

* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 280 or 281}}

* {{SecondDNA(AorB)Hybrid|s. 282 or 283}}

*{{SOIRA1|A|s. 273.3(2)}}

*{{SOIRA2|BHybrid|s. 280 or 281}}

| [[Ordonnances d'interdiction d'armes]] ||s. 280, 281, 282 or 283 ||

* if convicted for s. 282 or 283, the prohibition is mandatory under s. 109 on an indictable election and discretionary under s. 110 on a summary election

| [[Ordonnances en vertu de l'article 161]] ||s. 280 or 281||

* {{Section161|s. 280 or 281}}

| [[Admissibilité à la libération conditionnelle différée|Delayed Parole Order]] ||s. 273.3 ||

* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 273.3}}

; General Sentencing Orders

; General Forfeiture Orders

==Record Suspensions and Pardons==

{{NoRecordSuspension|s. 273.3(1)(a) [removal of a child under 16 from Canada for purposes of listed offences], 273.3(1)(b) [removal of a child 16 or more but under 18 from Canada for purpose of a listed offence], 273.3(1)(c) [removal of a child under 18 from Canada for purposes of listed offences]}}

==History==

==See Also==

; References