« Complot (infraction) » : différence entre les versions

|CrownElection= {{OBIndictableElection}} (465(1)(b) and (c))<br> {{OBSummaryElection}} (465(1)(d))  

|Jurisdiction=s. 465(1)(b), (c):<br>{{OBJurisdictionAll}}<br>art. 465(1)(a):<br>{{OBJurisdictionExclusive}}<br>art.465(1)(d):<br>{{OBJurisdictionSumm}}  

{{PleadingsExclusive|art. 465(1)(a) {{DescrSec|465(1)(a)}} }}

{{PleadingsIndictElection|art. 465(1)(b) and (c)}}

{{PleadingsSummary|art. 465(1)(d) {{DescrSec|465(1)(d)}}}}

|art. 465(1)(a), (b) || {{ReleaseProfile-Indictable}}  

|art. 465(1)(d) {{DescrSec|465(1)(d)}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}}  

{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|art. 465(1)(a), (b)}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|art. 465(1)(d) {{DescrSec|465(1)(d)}} }}

|art. 465(1)(a) {{DescrSec|465(1)(a)}},<br>art. 465(1)(b)(i) {{DescrSec|465(1)(b)(i)}},<br>art. 465(1)(b)(ii) {{DescrSec|465(1)(b)(ii)}},<br>art. 465(1)(c) {{DescrSec|465(1)(c)}},<br>art. 465(1)(d) {{DescrSec|465(1)(d)}}  || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}}

{{removed|(3), (4), (5), (6) and (7)}}

|"{{ellipsis1}} contrary to section 465{{CCC}}."

|"{{ellipsis1}} contrary to section 466{{CCC}}."

# {{box}} les parties avaient l'intention de s'entendre pour mettre à exécution un « projet commun » et ont effectivement accepté

L'objectif de la criminalisation des complots est d'« empêcher qu'un objectif illicite » ne soit atteint et ensuite d'« empêcher qu'un préjudice grave ne se produise ». Le Parlement avait l'intention d'intervenir « plus tôt dans le continuum du danger accru représenté par une cohorte de malfaiteurs agissant de concert ».<ref>{{CanLIIRP|Dery|1q1ht|2006 CSC 53 (CanLII)|[2006] 2 RCS 669}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}}{{atL|1q1ht|44}}<br>  

{{CanLIIRP|Meyer|fvj4v|2012 ONCJ 791 (CanLII)|[2012] OJ No 6235}}{{perONCJ|Pacciocco J}}{{atL|fvj4v|21}}("The law of conspiracy achieves this policy [of preventing serious harm from occurring] by allowing a pre-emptive strike where there is a true agreement to achieve a mutual criminal objective.")

Il doit y avoir une « intention de s'entendre, la conclusion d'un accord et un projet commun ».<ref>

La Couronne n'a qu'à prouver qu'il y a eu « une réunion des volontés en vue d'un projet commun de faire quelque chose d'illégal ».<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Carter|1z1c7|1982 CanLII 35 (CSC)|[1982] 1 RCS 938}}{{perSCC-H|juge McIntyre}}</ref>

Une conspiration doit comprendre (1) un accord et (2) l’objectif illégal ou le « projet commun ».<ref>

{{supra1|O'Brien}}{{atsL|21v9k|2| à 3}}, ("It is of course, essential that the conspirators have the intention to agree, and this agreement must be complete ... there must exist an intention to put the common design into effect.")<br>

{{supra1|O'Brien}}{{atL|21v9k|4}} ("The law punishes conspiracy so that the unlawful object is not attained. It considers that several persons who agree together to commit an unlawful act, are a menace to society, and even if they do nothing in furtherance of their common design, the state intervenes to exercise a repressive action, so that the intention is not materialized, and does not become harmful to any one.")

{{supra1|Dynar}}{{atL|1fr0t|105}} (Il n'est pas pertinent de savoir si « d'un point de vue objectif, la perpétration de l'infraction peut être impossible. »)</ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (CSC)|[1979] 2 RCS 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} ("The essence of criminal conspiracy is proof of agreement...")

Il doit y avoir un « consensus pour réaliser un objectif illégal ».<ref>

{{supra2|1tx7p|Papalia}} (“two or more persons pursued the same unlawful object at the same time or in the same place; it is necessary to show a consensus to effect an unlawful purpose. ”)<br>

{{CanLIIRP|McNamara|gd1kv|1981 CanLII 3120 (ON CA)|56 CCC (2d) 193}}{{TheCourtONCA}} at 452 ("Mere knowledge of, discussion of or passive acquiescence in a plan of criminal conduct is not, of itself, sufficient")

Il ne s'agit pas d'un « accord formel » et il peut être implicite.<ref>

Le juge des faits doit conclure « que l'accusé avait l'intention de conclure le complot ». accord."<ref>

{{supra1|Lamontagne}}{{atp|576}} "one notes that the crime of conspiracy cannot be committed by mere recklessness as to the object of the agreement")<br>

{{CanLIIRP|Park|2524l|2009 ABQB 470 (CanLII)|465 AR 20}}{{perABQB|Ouellette J}} ("recklessness may only be applied with respect to the method of execution of the agreement")<br>

L'aveuglement volontaire peut satisfaire à l'exigence de « mens rea » du complot.<ref>

{{supra2|2524l|Park}} ("The ''mens rea'' requirement for conspiracy may be satisfied where willful blindness is established")<br>

Les éléments de preuve de la « manière » dont l'accord doit être exécuté, en particulier pour régir les actes à accomplir, sont des éléments de l'élément d'accord de l'infraction.<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Douglas|1fsnr|1991 CanLII 81 (CSC)|[1991] 1 RCS 301}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atL|1fsnr|28}} ("How that agreement is to be  carried out, that is to say, the steps taken in furtherance of the agreement (the overt acts) are simply elements going to the proof of the essential ingredient of the offence, namely the agreement.")

===Common Design===

There must be a "a common plan with a common objective."<ref>  

{{CanLIIRP|Cotroni, (sub nom. Papalia)|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (CSC)|[1979] 2 RCS 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}}

The Crown must establish that the accused had an intention to become a party to the common design with the knowledge of its implications.<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (CSC)|[1979] 2 RCS 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} (“In addition to proof of common design, it was incumbent on the Crown to establish that each accused had the intention to become a party to that common design with knowledge of its implications.”)

It is not required that it be proven that every member of the conspiracy be involved in its execution or that they were involved throughout the entire time. It is enough if the evidence "demonstrates that the conspiracy proven included some of the accused; establishes that it occurred at some time within the time frame alleged in the indictment; and had as its object the type of crime alleged."<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Douglas|1fsnr|1991 CanLII 81 (CSC)|[1991] 1 RCS 301}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atL|1fsnr|41}}<br>

{{CanLIIRP|Papalia|1tx7p|1979 CanLII 38 (CSC)|[1979] 2 RCS 256}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}} ("The essence of criminal conspiracy is proof of agreement...")<br>

A member of a conspiracy who refuses to execute the plan is still guilty.<ref>

Involvement in only part of a whole plan will still be found guilty.<ref>

An accused cannot be convicted for attempted conspiracy.<ref>

===Evidence===

Words of the co-conspirator are admissible against the accused. They are not hearsay and are rather the actus reus.<ref>  

{{CanLIIR-N|Cook|(1984), 39 CR (3d) 300}} aff'd in [http://canlii.ca/t/1ftv8 1986 CanLII 47] (CSC), [1986] 1 RCS 144{{perSCC|Dickson CJ}}</ref>

Further, the co-conspirators exception to hearsay makes statements admissible against the accused.<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Perciballi|1fbs7|2001 CanLII 13394|154 CCC (3d) 481}}{{perONCA|Charron JA}} aff'd in [http://canlii.ca/t/51ss 2002 CSC 51] (CanLII){{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}<br>

Statements by the co-conspirator that are not related to the conspiracy are not admissible against the accused.<ref>

===Aiding and Abetting===

There has been a divided line of case law on whether a conviction can be made for being a party to a conspiracy.<ref>

{{CanLIIRP|Park|2524l|2009 ABQB 470 (CanLII)|465 AR 20}}{{perABQB|Ouellette J}}{{atps|540 to 575}}<br>

The members of a conspiracy do not need to all play an equal role in the endeavour, nor do they need to personally commit the offence they have agreed. Any degree of assistance can create membership.<Ref>

{{CanLIIRP|JF|fwb36|2013 CSC 12 (CanLII)|[2013] 1 RCS 565}}{{perSCC| J}}{{atL|fwb36|54}} (...it is not necessary that all members of a conspiracy play, or intend to play, equal roles in the ultimate commission of the unlawful object.  Indeed, members in a conspiracy need not personally commit, or intend to commit, the offence which each has agreed should be committed:... Any degree of assistance in the furtherance of the unlawful object can lead to a finding of membership as long as agreement to a common plan can be inferred and the requisite mental state has been established.")<br>

{{removed|(1) and (2)}}

|art. 465(1)(a) {{DescrSec|465(1)(a)}},<br>art. 465(1)(b)(i) {{DescrSec|465(1)(b)(i)}},<br>art. 465(1)(b)(ii) {{DescrSec|465(1)(b)(ii)}},<br>art. 465(1)(c) {{DescrSec|465(1)(c)}},<br>art. 465(1)(d) {{DescrSec|465(1)(d)}} || || ||

{{SProfileMax|art. 465(1)(a) {{DescrSec|465(1)(a)}} | {{NA}} | {{MaxLife}} }}

{{SProfileMax|s.  465(1)(b)(i) {{DescrSec| 465(1)(b)(i)}} | {{NA}} | {{Max10Years}} }}

{{SProfileMax|s.  465(1)(b)(ii) {{DescrSec| 465(1)(b)(ii)}} | {{NA}} | {{Max5Years}} }}

{{SProfileMax|s.  465(1)(d) {{DescrSec| 465(1)(d)}} | {{NA}} | {{MaxSummary}} }}

{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|art. 465(1)(a), (b), and (c)|'''{{MaxLife}}''' under s. 465(1)(a), ''''{{Max10Years}}''' under s. 465(1)(b)(i), and '''{{Max5Years}}''' under s. 465(1)(b)(ii)}} Where prosecuted under s. 465(1)(c) the maximum penalty will match that of the index offence.

{{MaxPenaltySummary|art. 465(1)(d)|'''{{summaryconviction}}'''}}

|art. 465(1)(a) {{DescrSec|465(1)(a)}} || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}

|art. 465(1)(d) {{DescrSec|465(1)(d)}}|| {{NA}} || {{SProfileAll}}

{{NoDischargeAvailable|art. 465(1)(a)}}

{{NoCSOAvailable|C|art. 465(1)(a)}}

| [[Ordonnances ADN]] ||art. 465(1)(b)(i), (ii) ||

* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|art. 465(1)(b)(i),(ii)}}

| [[Admissibilité à la libération conditionnelle différée|Ordonnance de libération conditionnelle différée]] ||art. 465(1)(a) {{DescrSec|465(1)(a)}} ||

* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|art. 465(1)(a) [conspiracy to commit murder]}}