Voir la source de Trafic de drogue, annexe I (peine)

{{Currency2|January|2023}}
{{LevelZero}} {{HeaderDrugs}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Drug Trafficking, Schedule I 
|OffencePage=Drug Trafficking, Schedule I 
|Section=5(1), (2) 
|Act= {{OBCDSA}} 
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}} <!--{{OBJurisdictionExclusive}} {{OBJurisdictionAbsolute}} --> 
|Bail={{OBBailJudge}}  
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDisp14orLife}} 
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}}
|IndictableMax= {{OBMaxLife}}  }}
==Overview==
''See [[Trafic de drogue (infraction)]]''
==Legislation==
{{quotation2|
; Trafficking in substance
5 (1) No person shall traffic in a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}} or V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or in any substance represented or held out by that person to be such a substance.

; Possession for purpose of trafficking
(2) No person shall, for the purpose of trafficking, possess a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}} or V {{AnnSecC|S-V}}.

; Punishment
(3) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|5(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSecC|5(2)}}
:(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I [''[[Annexes de la LRCDAS#SCHEDULE I|opiates and related]]''] or II [''[[Annexes de la LRCDAS#SCHEDULE II|cannaboids]]''], is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life;
:(a.1) [Repealed, 2018, c. 16, s. 196]
:(b) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III [''[[Annexes de la LRCDAS#SCHEDULE III|psychedelics]]''] or V [''[[Annexes de la LRCDAS#SCHEDULE V|repealed]]''],
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and
:(c) where the subject-matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV [''[[Annexes de la LRCDAS#SCHEDULE IV|barbiturates]]''],
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

(4) [Repealed, 2012, c. 1, s. 39]

; Interpretation
(5) For the purposes of applying subsection (3) {{AnnSecC|5(3)}} in respect of an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|5(1)}}, a reference to a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}} or V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} includes a reference to any substance represented or held out to be a substance included in that Schedule.

(6) [Repealed, 2018, c. 16, s. 196]

{{LegHistoryCDSA|1996, c. 19}}, s. 5;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2012, c. 1}}, s. 39;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 3;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2018, c. 16}}, s. 196;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2022, c. 15}}, s. 15.

{{Annotation}}
|{{CDSASec2|5}}
|{{NoteUpCDSA|5|1|2|3|5}}
}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{SeealsoSentencingDrugs}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 5(3)(a)|'''{{MaxLife}}'''}}

<!--; Minimum Penalties
{{MinPenalty|s. 5(3)(a) or (a.1)|'''1 year or 2 years incarceration'''}}-->

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 5(3)(a)|| {{NA}} || {{SProfileMaxLife}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{OnlyJailAvailable|s. 5(3)(a) [with aggravating factors]}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Principles===
; Gravity
There is a distinction made in law between hard drugs (such as cocaine) and soft drugs (such as marijuana).<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Tuck|1rxq0|2007 ONCA 495 (CanLII)|[2007] OJ No 2626 (CA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|1rxq0|2}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Wellington|1f993|1999 CanLII 3054 (ON CA)|132 CCC (3d) 470}}{{perONCA|Feldman JA}}{{atp|476}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Cunningham|6j8q|1996 CanLII 1311 (ON CA)|104 CCC (3d) 542}}{{TheCourt}}{{atp|547}}<br>
</ref>

The societal costs of drug abuse and trafficking are significant.<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|Pushpanathan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)|1fqs6|1998 CanLII 778 (SCC)|[1998] 1 SCR 982}}{{perSCC-H|Bastarache J}}{{atps|1039-1040}}</ref>
They include the effects on health care, lost productivity and financial loss due to enforcement.

Many courts have spoken to the societal harm of drug trafficking.<ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|Aitkens|1hkgx|2004 BCCA 411 (CanLII)|202 BCAC 167}}{{perBCCA|Newbury JA}}{{atL|1hkgx|7}} ("Drug trafficking has become a blight in our society")<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Beaudry|dw7|2000 ABCA 243 (CanLII)| CR (5th) 1}}{{perABCA|Berger JA}}{{atsL|dw7|158|}} and {{atsL-np|dw7|165|}} ("The damage to the community from trafficking in cocaine is substantial, and extends well beyond the offender and his prospective customers ... it contributes to a variety of other offences, with the potential for extremely serious health and economic consequences. Drug trafficking remains a serious problem in Canada.")<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Woolcock|, [2002] OJ No 4927}}{{at-|8}} (“There is no dispute that crack cocaine is an extremely dangerous and insidious drug with potential to cause a great deal of harm to individuals and to society.”)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Daya|1t671|2007 ONCA 693 (CanLII)|227 CCC (3d) 367}}{{perONCA|Moldaver and LaForme JJA}}{{atL|1t671|18}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Harris|1wzkr|2008 CanLII 23493 (ON SC)|[2008] OJ No 1976 (SCJ)}}{{perONSC|DM Brown J}}{{atsL|1wzkr|21-22}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Johnson|2876q|2010 BCCA 57 (CanLII)|[2010] BCJ No 301 (CA)}}{{perBCCA|Bennett JA}}{{atL|2876q|29}} ("correctly took into account the serious effect that cocaine has on fellow citizens and [the offender's] role in spreading this 'disease'.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Sem (S.)|1lr3l|2005 MBQB 208 (CanLII)|197 Man R (2d) 47}}{{perMBQB|MacInnes J}}{{atsL|1lr3l|37| to 38}}<br>
</ref>
Trafficking and use of cocaine has a close connection with violent crime.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hamilton|1hmc9|2004 CanLII 5549 (ON CA)| OR (3d) 1}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}}{{atL|1hmc9|104}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ma|57mr|2003 ABCA 220 (CanLII)|177 CCC (3d) 535}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|57mr|5}}
</ref>

Schedule I drugs, including cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamines, are "highly addictive and inflict great harm on individuals and society.  Trafficking in these drugs is rightly considered a serious offence."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lloyd|gpg9t|2016 SCC 13 (CanLII)|[2016] 1 SCR 130}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}} {{atL|gpg9t|26}}
</ref>

When dealing with Schedule I drugs including cocaine, the emphasis must be on dedication and general deterrence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Steeves|1vgv1|2007 NSCA 130 (CanLII)|835 APR 76}}{{perNSCA|Oland JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Butt|2b7fs|2010 NSCA 56 (CanLII)|922 APR 376}}{{perNSCA-H|Bateman JA}}
{{CanLIIRP|Scott|fw91g|2013 NSCA 28 (CanLII)|327 NSR (2d) 256}}{{perNSCA|Beveridge JA}} (2:1)
{{CanLIIRP|Oickle|gldmr|2015 NSCA 87 (CanLII)|330 CCC (3d) 82}}{{perNSCA|Scanlan JA}}{{atsL|gldmr|31| and 48}} 
</ref>

The destructive nature of methamphetamines “mirror those of two other hard drugs, heroin and cocaine”.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Villanueva|1qsr8|2007 ONCJ 87 (CanLII)|46 CR (6th) 129}}{{perONCJ|MacDonnell J}}{{atL|1qsr8|27}}<br>
see also {{CanLIIRx|Nguyen|fnl1c|2011 ONSC 6229 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|McWatt J}}{{atL|fnl1c|41}} (“The danger of methamphetamine to human life is becoming uncontrovertibly clear.”)</ref>

; MDMA/Ecstacy

This drug is usually in pill or capsule form, not powder.<Ref>
{{CanLIIR|Cleghorn|gl4jx|2015 NSPC 54 (CanLII)}}{{perNSPC|Tax J}}{{atL|gl4jx|36}}
</ref>

MDMA is a "dangerous drug that can be toxic and cause long-term central nervous disorders."<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Bercier (T.J.)|1gw7n|2004 MBCA 51 (CanLII)}}{{perMBCA|Monnin JA}}
{{supra1|Cleghorn}}{{atL|gl4jx|37}}<br>
</ref>

Other characteristics of MDMA include:<Ref>
{{supra1|Bercier}}{{atsL|1gw7n|32| to 37}}<br>
see also {{supra1|Cleghorn}}{{atL|gl4jx|37}}<Br>
</ref>
# It is a drug frequently used by young people at large crowded dance parties called "raves" and is used to postpone fatigue and allow the user to dance for hours and have feelings of euphoria;
# It's most consistent physiological effect is the induction of hypothermia [the elevation of the core body temperature] that can lead to heat stroke, and in some reported cases, death. This effect is exacerbated in the rave setting;
# Ecstasy is referred to as a "designer drug" because it is a combination of synthetic substances to create a "blend of amphetamine-like and mescaline-like effects;"
# Ecstasy can be produced by those who have working knowledge of organic chemistry and is usually sold in a tablet form. Because it can be produced so easily, one of the dangers is that the actual composition of ecstasy tablets can vary greatly and the user cannot know what is being consumed;
# Ecstasy can be toxic and slow to leave the system and has been known to cause liver damage, serious irregularities of heart rhythm, elevated blood pressure, swelling of the brain leading to convulsions and long-term central nervous system effects such as depression, paranoia and panic disorders;
# There is no conclusive evidence that ecstasy is addictive;
# In addition, expert evidence tendered during the appeal hearing by a senior police officer confirmed that ecstasy is not connected with other crimes that are often committed to obtain funds to fuel addictions, such as robbery and break and enters.

; Fentanyl
Fentanyl is considered one of the "most highly addictive and dangerous drugs" and so objectives in sentencing should focus on general deterrence and denunciation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Lu|gs5s0|2016 ONCA 479 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|gs5s0|9}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Smith|h1qvk|2017 BCCA 112 (CanLII)|BCJ No 471}}{{AtL|h1qvk|45}}{{perBCCA|Newbury JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Vezina|hnsln|2017 ONCJ 775 (CanLII)|OJ No 6027}}{{perONCJ|Sopinka J}}{{AtL|hnsln|58}}<br>
</ref>

The drug is 20 times more powerful that heroin.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Bedi|hz9gv|2019 ONSC 1612 (CanLII)}}{{AtL|hz9gv|39}}br>
{{CanLIIRP|Loor|h5t41|2017 ONCA 696 (CanLII)|OJ No 4628}}{{perONCA|Laskin JA}}{{AtL|h5t41|36}}<br>
</ref>

There is an elevated chance of fatal overdose.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Smith|h1qvk|2017 BCCA 112 (CanLII)|BCJ No 471}}{{perBCCA| }{{atsL|48|and 65}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Hudson|hwzvx|2019 ONSC 290 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Charney J}}<br>
</ref>

It is one of the main reasons for there being an opiate epidemic.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Olvedi|hw9r6|2018 ONSC 6330 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Petersen J}}
</ref>

; Disposition
Trafficking in cocaine is typically a jail sentence. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Al-Amiri|gknnj|2015 NLCA 37 (CanLII)|328 CCC (3d) 266}}{{perNLCA|Barry JA}}{{atL|gknnj|61}}<br>
</ref>
This is particularly true in "dial-a-dope" schemes which are a form of commercial trafficking.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sawatsky|1tsdh|2007 ABCA 353 (CanLII)|76 WCB (2d) 142}}{{perABCA|Martin JA}}<br>  
{{CanLIIRP|Maskill|fp6dc|1981 ABCA 50 (CanLII)|58 CCC (2nd) 408}}{{perABCA-H|Moir JA}}{{atL|fp6dc|20}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Rahime|5rfb|2001 ABCA 203 (CanLII)|156 CCC (3d) 349}}{{TheCourtABCA}}</ref>
Even first time offenders should expect a “significant” penitentiary sentence.<ref>
Loor at para 50{{fix}}
</ref>

; Exceptional Circumstances
It has been suggested that only in "exceptional circumstances" should a sentence be outside of the normal range of jail.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Peters (R.N.)|gmm6h|2015 MBCA 119 (CanLII)|323 Man.R. (2d) 237}}{{perMBCA|Monnin JA}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Tran|gmm6k|2015 MBCA 120 (CanLII)|333 CCC (3d) 206}}{{perMBCA|Monnin JA}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Racca (R.A.)|gmm6j|2015 MBCA 121 (CanLII)|127 WCB (2d) 227}}{{perMBCA|Burnett JA}}<br>
</ref>
These circumstances can take the form of the existence of "multiple mitigating factors."<ref>
{{supra1|Tran}}{{atL|gmm6k|24}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Voong|gjnwp|2015 BCCA 285 (CanLII)| (D.M.) et al.}}{{perBCCA|Bennett JA}}{{atL|gjnwp|59}}<br>
</ref>

; Factors
Smuggling any amount of drugs into a correctional facility is an aggravating factor.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Taylor|fwxg6|2013 SKCA 33 (CanLII)|414 Sask R 15}}{{perSKCA|Richards JA}}{{atsL|fwxg6|15|, 16}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Ranges==
{{seealso|Drug Trafficking, Schedule I (Sentencing Cases)|Drug Trafficking, Schedule I, Cocaine (Sentencing Cases)}}
; General Ranges
Sentencing ranges vary between provinces.

In Nova Scotia, an appropriate sentence for trafficking of Schedule I substances will range will typically span from 3 to 5 years. As such, conditional sentences are rarely available.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Knickle|23tc9|2009 NSCA 59 (CanLII)|246 CCC (3d) 57}}{{perNSCA|Roscoe JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Conway|25qjp|2009 NSCA 95 (CanLII)|247 CCC (3d) 304}}{{perNSCA| Bateman JA}}</ref>

In  Saskatchewan, the range is between 18 months to 4 years for trafficking.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Aube|23hrz|2009 SKCA 53 (CanLII)|324 Sask R 303}}{{perSKCA|Smith JA}}{{atL|23hrz|19}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Shawile|fr8tz|2012 SKCA 51 (CanLII)|393 Sask R 211}}{{perSKCA|Herauf JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Taylor|fwxg6|2013 SKCA 33 (CanLII)|414 Sask R 15}}{{perSKCA|Richards JA}}{{atL|fwxg6|14}}<br>
</ref> 

In Newfoundland, trafficking in small quantities of cocaine is a sentence in the range of 6 to 18 months.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Taylor|fpqjw|2012 CanLII 1915 (NLSCTD)}}{{perNLSC|Dymond J}}{{atL|fpqjw|12}}</ref>

It is infrequent that it will go below two years<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Dawe|5fs7|2002 NSCA 147 (CanLII)|659 APR 212}}{{perNSCA|Hamilton JA}}</ref> and so will virtually guarantee a federal sentence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Jamieson|fpf0n|2011 NSCA 122 (CanLII)|983 APR 392}}{{perNSCA|Saunders JA}}{{atL|fpf0n|38}}</ref>
There is no fixed minimum, however. There is still significant discretion.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ostertag|5rps|2000 ABCA 232 (CanLII)|266 AR 57}}{{perABCA|Veit J}}{{atsL|5rps|12| to 16}}</ref>

However, it is not unreasonable in certain exceptional circumstances to have sentences below two years.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Murphy (M.P.)|fnl3b|2011 MBCA 84 (CanLII)|270 Man R (2d) 214}}{{perMBCA|Monnin JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Panko|1flbr|2000 MBCA 45 (CanLII)| (D.), 148 Man.R. (2d) 138}}{{perMBCA|Huband JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Reid (B.A.C.)|234nb|1998 CanLII 17760 (MB CA)| Man.R. (2d) 153}}{{perMBCA|Helper JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Champagne (D.A.)|4pgm|2000 MBCA 66 (CanLII)| 148 Man.R. (2d) 104}}{{perMBCA|Helper JA}}<br>
</ref>
The starting point for commercial trafficking in cocaine in small quantities is three years for most provinces.<ref>
AB: {{CanLIIRP|Maskill|fp6dc|1981 ABCA 50 (CanLII)|29 AR 107, 58 CCC (2d) 408 (CA)}}{{perABCA|Moir J}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Rahime|5rfb|2001 ABCA 203 (CanLII)|286 AR 377}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|5rfb|26}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Marchesi|25q69|2009 ABCA 304 (CanLII)|460 AR 294}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|25q69|4}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|McCulloch|fl5rh|2011 ABCA 124 (CanLII)|AJ No 448}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|fl5rh|8}} - starting point sentence “for commercial trafficking in cocaine in small quantities”<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Rainville|2ct06|2010 ABCA 288 (CanLII)|490 AR 150}}{{perABCA|Rowbotham JA}}{{atL|2ct06|6}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Chung|5s9k|1999 ABCA 86 (CanLII)| AR 351 (CA), 18 WCB (2d) 611}}{{perABCA|Fraser CJ}}<br>
NS: {{CanLIIRP|Knickle|23tc9|2009 NSCA 59 (CanLII)|246 CCC (3d) 57}}{{perNSCA|Roscoe JA}}<br>
</ref>

In Manitoba, there are several recognized levels of trafficking in cocaine:
# Low (street dealer): sentences typically start at less than two years and can range up to four years. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Gilchrist|1gg57|2004 MBCA 21 (CanLII)|184 Man R (2d) 23}}{{perMBCA|Freedman JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Safaye|hpsk1|2017 MBQB 217 (CanLII)}}{{perMBQB|Greenberg J}}<br>
</ref>
# Low-Mid (mere courier): sentences for couriers can be between 3 to 6 years.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Rocha|22qvh|2009 MBCA 26 (CanLII)|236 Man R (2d) 213}}{{perMBCA|Chartier JA}}{{atsL|22qvh|61| to 64}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Traimany (P.)|fpg4m|2011 MBCA 104 (CanLII)|270 Man.R. (2d) 291}}{{perMBCA|Chartier JA}}{{atL|fpg4m|3}}</ref>
# Mid (more than mere courier of large quantities): sentences typically range from 5 to 8 years if they are an insider, while couriers are in the range of 3 to 6 years.<ref>
{{supra1|Rocha}}{{atsL|22qvh|61| to 64}}</ref>
# High: (multi-kilogram trafficker): sentences typically range from 8 to 12 years<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Oddleifson|29tj0|2010 MBCA 44 (CanLII)|256 CCC (3d) 317}}{{perMBCA|Chartier JA}}</ref>

It has been further suggested that “a person who traffics in a sophisticated manner at a kilogram level should, absent significant mitigating factors, expect no less a penalty than 10 years' incarceration. It should not matter whether that drug is cocaine or methamphetamine.” <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Grant|1rsd8|2007 MBQB 13 (CanLII)|216 Man R (2d) 219}}{{perMBQB|Scurfeild J}}{{atL|1rsd8|73}}</ref>

In Ontario, for possession of "a substantial amount of cocaine for the purpose of trafficking" the range is usually 5 to 5.5 years even with a guilty plea and no record.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Bajada|1bw6s|2003 CanLII 15687 (ON CA)|173 CCC (3d) 255}}{{perONCA|Weiler JA}}{{atsL|22qvh|12| to 14}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ovid|gr53w|2016 ONSC 2974 (CanLII)|OJ No 2303}}{{perONSC|Campbell J}}{{atL|gr53w|27}}<br>
</ref>

The Ontario "normal" range for "someone, without a record, convicted of possession for the purpose of trafficking in slightly more than a pound [or 453.59 grams] of cocaine."<ref>
{{ibid1|Ovid}}{{atL|gr53w|27}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Bryan|fkxlx|2011 ONCA 273 (CanLII)|[2011] OJ No 1581}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atsL|fkxlx|1| to 2}}<br>
See also {{CanLIIRP|Muise|20zf3|2008 ONCA 665 (CanLII)|[2007] OJ No 5553 (C.J.)}}{{at-|47}}, aff'd }}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Peltier|fwfwk|2013 ONCA 141 (CanLII)|303 OAC 87}}{{perONCA|MacPherson JA}}{{atL|fwfwk|15}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Italiano|gh5kc|2015 ONSC 2216 (CanLII)|[2013] OJ No 6459}}{{perONSC|O'Marra J}}{{atsL|gh5kc|25| to 31}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Feeney|gj3cx|2015 ONSC 3218 (CanLII)|[2015] OJ No 2584}}{{perONSC|Garton J}}{{AtsL|gj3cx|32| to 40}}, {{atsL-np|gj3cx|44| to 45}}, {{AtsL-np|gj3cx|55| to 68}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ceballos|gg5x5|2015 ONSC 720 (CanLII)|[2015] OJ No 536}}{{perONSC| MacDonnell J}}{{AtsL|gg5x5|2|}}, {{atsL-np|gg5x5|5| to 12}}, {{atsL-np|gg5x5|21| to 23}}<br>
</ref>

Trafficking heroin, even in small amounts, will result in federal sentences absent exceptional circumstances.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Abdella|h2x5p|2017 ONSC 1002 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|O'Marra J}}{{atL|h2x5p|16}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Farizeh|6k74|1994 CanLII 1145 (ON CA)|[1994] OJ No 2624 (O.C.A.)}}{{TheCourtONCA}} <br>
{{CanLIIRP|Bahari|6k75|1994 CanLII 1425 (ON CA)|[1994] OJ No 2625 (O.C.A.)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
</ref>

; Small amounts
In Ontario, the range of sentencing for trafficking in small amounts of crack cocaine is 6 months to 2 years less a day.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Woolcock| [2002] OJ No 4927}} at 15<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Madeiros|, [2001] OJ No 5664 (Ont. SCJ)}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Radassao|6k6x|1994 CanLII 779 (ON CA)|[1994] OJ No 1990 (ONCA)}}{{perONCA|Griffiths JA}}<br>
</ref>

; Mid-range
Manitoba court has stated that the mid-level drug deal has a range of sentence between 7 to 8 years.<ref>
{{supra1|Rocha}}{{atL|22qvh|64}}<br>
{{supra1|Traimany}}{{atL|fpg4m|3}}</ref> 

; Large amounts of Drugs (1kg+)
The range of sentence for trafficking of cocaine in the amounts of 1 kg or more will typically see sentences in the range of 5 years.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Bajada|1bw6s|2003 CanLII 15687 (ON CA)| OAC 226 (CA)}}{{perONCA|Weiler JA}}{{atL|1bw6s|13}}</ref> 
Larger amounts upward of 3 kg will attract a range of 6 to 8 years.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Oraha|fqdtn|2012 ONSC 1439 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Archibald J}}{{atL|fqdtn|31}}</ref>
It has also be articulated as "substantial amounts" of cocaine attracting a range of 5 to 8 years.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Rage|hqqpx|2018 ONCA 211 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|hqqpx|14}}<br>
</ref>

In Ontario, a first-time offender convicted for being a courier for large amounts of high-grade heroin should expect a range between 12 and 17 years jail absent "exceptional or extenuating circumstances."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sidhu|228tl|2009 ONCA 81 (CanLII)|242 CCC (3d) 273}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|228tl|14}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Deol|h2ph6|2017 ONCA 221 (CanLII)|352 CCC (3d) 343}}{{perONCA|Juriansz JA}}{{atL|h2ph6|48}}<br>
</ref>

; Couriers
The drug couriers' job is to transport drugs and protect their bosses from being detected.<ref>
{{supra1|Traimany}}{{atL|fpg4m|3}}<br>
{{supra1|Rocha}}{{atL|22qvh|64}}<br>
</ref>

; Fentanyl
Low level trafficking should result in a high end provincial sentence at a minimum, or else a low penitentiary sentence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Hillier|hsgvr|2018 ONCJ 397 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|West J}} at 137
</ref>
In very exceptional circumstances, the court may consider a suspended sentence..<ref>
{{ibid1|Hillier}} at 116
</ref>

Generally trafficking in significant amounts of fentanyl should attract a significant penitentiary sentence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Loor|h5t41|2017 ONCA 696 (CanLII)|OJ No 4628}}{{perONCA|Laskin JA}}{{AtL|h5t41|50}}
</ref>

A fentanyl sentence should be equal or greater than if it was cocaine.<Ref>
Lynch, 2022 ONCA 109 at para 15{{fix}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Conditional Sentences==
Offences occurring before November 20, 2012 may be eligible for a conditional sentence in certain circumstances. Offences after that date are ineligible under s. 742.1 which prohibits conditional sentences for offences under s. 5(2) of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.<ref>
See [[Liste des modifications au Code criminel]]<br>
</ref>

In Ontario and Newfoundland, the conditional sentence is available for trafficking in only rare cases.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ly|6hsw|1997 CanLII 2983 (ON CA)|114 CCC (3d) 279}}{{perONCA|Austin JA}} at 286 ("will be looked to only rarely in cases of drug trafficking") <br>
{{CanLIIRP|Brown|1npm9|1997 CanLII 10869 (NL CA)|119 CCC (3d) 147}}{{perNLCA|Marshall JA}} at 155</ref>
Those who are involved in a “dial-a-dope” operation will generally be sentenced to incarceration.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sawatsky|1tsdh|2007 ABCA 353 (CanLII)|76 WCB (2d) 142}}{{perABCA|Martin JA}}{{atL|1tsdh|4}} ("We agree with the Crown that those who organize and manage "dial-a-dope" schemes to traffic in drugs, such as cocaine ... should usually be sentenced to terms of actual incarceration.")</ref>

In Saskatchewan, conditional sentences are available for trafficking in hard drugs. The appropriateness of a conditional sentences depends on several factors:<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Pankewich|4t6v|2002 SKCA 7 (CanLII)|161 CCC (3d) 534}}{{perSKCA|Jackson JA}}{{atL|4t6v|49}}</ref>
# the sophistication and significance of the offence and the accused's place in it;
# the type and quantity of drug;
# the motivation for the offence: those who traffic to support their own habit may be more likely to receive a restorative disposition than those who traffic for other reasons;
# the need for and the utility of the deterrence which will be provided by the sentence imposed;
# the factors relating to the community like the significance of the problem; and,
# the age, lack of record and other personal circumstances of the accused.

The Code amendments concerning conditional sentences that came into force on November 6, 2012, prohibit conditional sentence for drug trafficking.

{{reflist|2}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ordonnances auxiliaires}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}
| [[Ordonnances ADN]] ||s. 5(a) CDSA ||
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 5(a)}}
|-
| [[Ordonnances d'interdiction d'armes]] ||s. 5 CDSA ||
* {{Section109|BorC|s. 5}}
{{AOrderEnd}}

; Circumstance-specific Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

; Other Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

==History==

===Prior to November 17, 2022===
{{quotation2|
; Trafficking in substance
5 (1) No person shall traffic in a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}} or V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or in any substance represented or held out by that person to be such a substance.

; Possession for purpose of trafficking
(2) No person shall, for the purpose of trafficking, possess a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}} or V {{AnnSecC|S-V}}.

; Punishment
(3) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|5(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSecC|5(2)}}
:(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}} or II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life, and
::(i) to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year if
:::(A) the person committed the offence for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a criminal organization, as defined in subsection 467.1(1) {{AnnSec4|467.1(1)}} of the ''Criminal Code'',
:::(B) the person used or threatened to use violence in committing the offence,
:::(C) the person carried, used or threatened to use a weapon in committing the offence, or
:::(D) the person was convicted of a designated substance offence, or had served a term of imprisonment for a designated substance offence, within the previous 10 years, or
::(ii) to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of two years if
:::(A) the person committed the offence in or near a school, on or near school grounds or in or near any other public place usually frequented by persons under the age of 18 years,
:::(B) the person committed the offence in a prison, as defined in section 2 of the ''Criminal Code'', or on its grounds, or
:::(C) the person used the services of a person under the age of 18 years, or involved such a person, in committing the offence;
:(a.1) [Repealed, 2018, c. 16, s. 196]
:(b) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III {{AnnSecC|S-III}} or V {{AnnSecC|S-V}},
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and
:(c) where the subject-matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}},
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

(4) [Repealed, 2012, c. 1, s. 39]

; Interpretation
(5) For the purposes of applying subsection (3) {{AnnSecC|5(3)}} in respect of an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|5(1)}}, a reference to a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}} or V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} includes a reference to any substance represented or held out to be a substance included in that Schedule.

(6) [Repealed, 2018, c. 16, s. 196]

{{LegHistoryCDSA|1996, c. 19}}, s. 5;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2012, c. 1}}, s. 39;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 3;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2018, c. 16}}, s. 196.

{{Annotation}}
|{{CDSASec2|5}}
|{{NoteUpCDSA|5|1|2|3|5}}
}}

====Mandatory Minimums====
Mandatory minimums were added in November 6, 2012 and then removed November 17, 2022.

The one year mandatory minimum for conviction under s. 5(3)(a)(i)(D) was found to be unconstitutional.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lloyd|gpg9t|2016 SCC 13 (CanLII)|[2016] 1 SCR 130}}{{perBCPC|Galati J}} - violates right against cruel and unusual punishment
</ref>

The two year minimum for conviction under s. 5(3)(a)(ii)(B) relating to trafficking in prison.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Carswell|hqpcg|2018 SKQB 53 (CanLII)}}{{perSKQB|Currie J}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==See Also==
* [[Infractions par peine]]
* [[Annexes de la LRCDAS]]
* [[Trafic de drogue, annexe II (peine)]]: Maximum penalty of life
* [[Trafic de drogue, annexe III (peine)]]: Maximum penalty of 10 years
* [[Trafic de drogue, annexe IV (peine)]]: Maximum penalty of 3 years


{{OffencesNavBar/Drugs}}