Voir la source de Usage négligent des armes à feu (infraction)

[[en:Careless_Use_or_Storage_of_a_Firearm_(Offence)]]{{Currency2|January|2018}}
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{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Careless Use or Storage of a Firearm
|OffencePage=Careless Use or Storage of a Firearm
|Section=86 
|Acte={{OBCCC}} 
|CrownElection={{OBHybridElection}} 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll-Under14}}
|Bail={{OBBailAll}}
|SummaryDisp={{OBDispAll}} 
|SummaryMin= {{OBMinNone}}
|SummaryMax={{OBSConviction}} 
|IndictableDisp={{OBDispSame}} 
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|IndictableMax={{OBTime|2 years}} (first), {{OBTime|5 ans}} (subsequent) }}

==Aperçu==
{{seealso|Weapon Offences}}

{{OverviewIII|usage négligent des armes à feu}}

; Plaidoiries
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}}  | {{No-Under14}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsHybridElection-Under14|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}}}}

{{IncreasedPenalty|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}} |art. 665}} {{Section109Notice}}

; Libérer{{ReleaseHeader}}
|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}}}}

:''<u>Renversement du fardeau de la preuve</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

:''Empreintes digitales et photos''
{{IDCriminalAct|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}} }}

; Interdictions de publication
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Désignations d'infraction
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}} || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark-Under10}}<!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}}
{{DesignationEnd}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

==Libellé de l'infraction==
{{quotation2|Usage négligent

86 (1) Commet une infraction quiconque, sans excuse légitime, utilise, porte, manipule, expédie, transporte ou entrepose une arme à feu, une arme prohibée, une arme à autorisation restreinte, un dispositif prohibé, des munitions ou des munitions prohibées d’une manière négligente ou sans prendre suffisamment de précautions pour la sécurité d’autrui.

; Contravention des règlements

(2) Commet une infraction quiconque contrevient à un règlement pris en application de l’alinéa 117h) de la Loi sur les armes à feu régissant l’entreposage, la manipulation, le transport, l’expédition, l’exposition, la publicité et la vente postale d’armes à feu et d’armes à autorisation restreinte.

; Peine

(3) Quiconque commet l’infraction prévue au paragraphe (1) ou (2) est coupable :

:a) soit d’un acte criminel passible d’un emprisonnement maximal :

::(i) de deux ans, dans le cas d’une première infraction,

::(ii) de cinq ans, en cas de récidive;

:b) soit d’une infraction punissable sur déclaration de culpabilité par procédure sommaire.

L.R. (1985), ch. C-46, art. 86; 1991, ch. 40, art. 3; 1995, ch. 39, art. 139


----
; Careless use of firearm, etc.
86 (1) Every person commits an offence who, without lawful excuse, uses, carries, handles, ships, transports or stores a firearm, a prohibited weapon, a restricted weapon, a prohibited device or any ammunition or prohibited ammunition in a careless manner or without reasonable precautions for the safety of other persons.
<br>
; Contravention of storage regulations, etc.
(2) Every person commits an offence who contravenes a regulation made under paragraph 117(h) of the ''Firearms Act'' respecting the storage, handling, transportation, shipping, display, advertising and mail-order sales of firearms and restricted weapons.
<br>
; Punishment
(3) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSec0|86(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSec0|86(2)}}
:(a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment
::(i) in the case of a first offence, for a term not exceeding two years, and
::(ii) in the case of a second or subsequent offence, for a term not exceeding five years; or
:(b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 86;
{{LegHistory90s|1991, c. 40}}, s. 3; 
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 39}}, s. 139. 
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|86}}
|{{NoteUp|86|1|2|3}}
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
|86(1)
| careless use or storage of firearm
|"{{ellipsis1}} without lawful excuse, did use, carry, handle, ship, transport or store a firearm, prohibited weapon, restricted weapon, prohibited device or ammunition or prohibited ammunition in a careless manner or without reasonable precautions for the safety of [person]{{ToWit-Conduct}} contrary to section 86(1){{CCC}}."
|-
|86(2)
| contravention of storage regs under Firearms Act
|"{{ellipsis1}} did contravene [regulation made under s. 117(h) of the Firearms Act] respecting the storage, handling, transportation, shipping, display, advertising or mail order sale of a firearm or restricted weapon{{ToWit-Conduct}} contrary to section 86(2){{CCC}}."
{{DraftEnd}}

==Preuve de l'infraction==
{{ElementHeader}}

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|careless use or storage|86(1)}}<Ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Critch|fqw9m|2012 CanLII 17795 (NL PC)}}{{perNLPC|Gorman J}}
</ref>
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} accused carried, handled, shipped, transported or stored an item
# {{box}} the item is a firearm, a prohibited weapon, a restricted weapon, a prohibited device or any ammunition or prohibited ammunition <br>(see [[Definition of Firearms|Firearms]]: barreled weapon, capable of causing serious bodily injury or death)
# {{box}} the item was stored in an unsafe or careless manner and no reasonable precautions taken for the safety of others(e.g. no trigger locks, out of case, loaded)
## {{box}} a marked departure from the standard of care of a reasonably prudent person in the circumstances

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|breach of storage regulation|86(2)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit violated ''any'' regulation under s. 117(h) of the ''Firearms Act'' concerning "storage, handling, transportation, shipping, display, advertising and mail order sales" of firearms and restricted weapons.

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interprétation de l'infraction==
“Storage” does not require an intention for the weapon’s placement to be “long-term or permanent storage”. It can include temporary hiding of a firearm.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Carlos|5271|2002 SCC 35 (CanLII)|[2002] 2 SCR 411}}{{perSCC-H|Arbour J}} (7:0)<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Critch|fqw9m|2012 CanLII 17795 (NL PC)}}{{perNLPC|Gorman J}} -- stored weapon under bed for 1 hour</ref>

A breach of regulations under the ''Firearms Act'' does not necessarily result in a conviction under s. 86(1).<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Gorr|, [2003] OJ No 3252 (Ont. CJ)}}</ref>

; Lesser Included Offences
This offence is not a lesser included offence to [[Pointing a Firearm (Offence)|pointing a firearm]].<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Morrison|1d8tt|1991 CanLII 995 (BC CA)|66 CCC (3d) 257}}{{perBCCA|Taylor JA}} (3:0)
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}
===Duty of Care===
{{seealso|Duty of Care}}
This offence is consider an offence of "penal negligence."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Gosset|1fs0c|1993 CanLII 62 (SCC)|1993 83 CCC (3d) 494}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}} ("Negligence in a criminal setting, or what I shall hereinafter refer to as ‘penal negligence’ to distinguish it from offences involving a fault element of criminal negligence under s. 219 of the Code, subjects those convicted to the possibility of imprisonment.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Blanchard|1p1hj|1994 CanLII 5251 (YK TC)|103 CCC (3d) 360}}{{perYKTC|Manson J}}
</ref>

Section 86(1) imposes a “a specific and rigorous duty of care” upon the accused to store firearms and ammunition. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Finlay|1fs0f|1993 CanLII 63 (SCC)|83 CCC (3d) 513}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}} (“Parliament has seen fit to impose on all people owning or using firearms a specific and rigorous duty of care.”)</ref>

The Crown must prove that the accused’s conduct “constitutes a marked departure from the standard of care of a reasonably prudent person”.<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|Optimum Insurance Co. v Donovan|29vmt|2009 NBCA 6 (CanLII)|871 APR 45}}{{perNBCA|Drapeau CJ}}{{atL|29vmt|40}}</ref> 

However, even where there is a marked departure from the standard of care, where “reasonable precautions were taken” or there is otherwise doubt, then the court must acquit. <ref>
{{supra1|Finlay}} citing {{CanLIIRP|Gosset|1fs0c|1993 CanLII 62 (SCC)|83 CCC (3d) 494}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}} </ref>
The court must also be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that there were not enough "precautions taken by the accused to avoid the creation of risk" and the accused had the "capacity ...to meet the standard of care of a reasonably prudent person in the circumstances” but failed to do so.<ref>
{{supra1|Finlay}} ("“the existence of a reasonable doubt as to either the sufficiency of the precautions taken by the accused to avoid the creation of risk, or the capacity of the accused to meet the standard of care of a reasonably prudent person in the circumstances.")</ref>  

The offence does not violate s. 7 of the Charter for creating a duty of care.<ref>
{{supra1|Gosset}}
</ref>

This offence can be a predicate offence for manslaughter.<ref>
{{supra1|Gosset}}<br>
</ref>

The standard of care is assessed objectively while taking into account the accused’s capacities in the circumstances and the “accused’s ability to control or compensate for his … incapacities”.<ref>
{{supra1|Finlay}}</ref>

Unlike offences that require a standard of care, there is no defence of due diligence if the offence is otherwise made out. 

Offences of breach of duty of care do not require a purely subjective intention.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Naglik|1fs0h|1993 CanLII 64 (SCC)|[1993] 3 SCR 122}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}} at 33</ref>
They only require "proof of intention or actual foresight of a prohibited consequence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|JF|21bgx|2008 SCC 60 (CanLII)|[2008] 3 SCR 215}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}} (6:1){{atL|21bgx|7}}</ref>

Federal firearms regulations are relevant to determination of the standard of care required for the firearm.<ref>
{{supra1|Halliday}}{{atp|15}} ("the federal firearm storage regulations are relevant in determining the appropriate standard for those who are transporting or storing guns to the same degree that the rules of the road would be relevant in determining the basic standard of conduct for drivers.")<br>
</ref>
Where regulations for storage cannot be relied upon an expert will normally be required to establish carelessness.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Halliday|6jl2|1995 CanLII 982 (ON CA)|100 CCC (3d) 574}}{{TheCourtONCA}}
</ref>

; Examples
Burying ammunition in the woods amounts to careless storage of ammunition.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Haridge|fspbv|2012 ONSC 5049 (CanLII)|[2012] OJ No 4222 (O.S.C.)}}{{perONSC|M Linhares De Sousa J}}</ref>

A rifle leaning against the wall in an upstairs bedroom in open view is stored in a "careless manner."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Elsby|fps8t|2012 BCSC 125 (CanLII)|[2012] BCJ No 157(BCSC)}}{{perBCSC|Arnold-Bailey J}}{{atsL|fps8t|91| to 93}} </ref>
Similarly, a non-restricted rifle stored in an unlocked closet, in an unlocked case was found to be careless and without reasonable precautions.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Price|jclls|2021 NLSC 6 (CanLII)}}{{perNLSC|O'Brien J}}{{atL|jclls|78}}
</ref>

Discharging a firearm over the head of a person in order to scare them is careless use of the firearm.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Zimmer|23lxr|1981 CanLII 338 (BC CA)|60 CCC (2d) 190}}{{perBCCA|McFarlane JA}} (3:0)
</ref>

See also: ''Firearms Act'', [http://canlii.ca/t/7vsx SC 1995, c 39] and Storage, Display, Transportation and Handling of Firearms by Individuals Regulations,  [http://canlii.ca/t/80qs SOR/98-209]

{{Reflist|2}}

===Violation of Regulations===
Section 86(2) is a strict liability offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Porter|1j9fs|2004 BCSC 1520 (CanLII)|193 CCC (3d) 254}}{{perBCSC|Dorgan J}}
</ref>

The offence under s. 86(2) is constitutional.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Smillie|1dxqx|1998 CanLII 7050 (BC CA)|129 CCC (3d) 414}}{{perBCCA|Ryan JA}} (3:0)
</ref>

This offence will generally concern violations of the ''Storage, Display, Transportation and Handling of Firearms by Individuals Regulations'', [http://canlii.ca/t/51xv8 SOR/98-209]

{{reflist|2}}

===Analysis of Firearms===
* [[Proving the Existence of Firearms and Related Issues|Analysis of Firearm]] - certificate of analysis s. 117.13

===Misc Definitions===
* [[Definition of Firearms|Section 2]] defines "firearm" and "imitation firearm".
* [[Definition of Weapons|"Prohibited weapon", "prohibited device", "restricted weapon"]], [[Definition of Firearms|"ammunition" and "prohibited ammunition"]] are defined in s. 84.

==Traditional Defences==
* [[Possession]] - where the weapon was not found in actual possession of the accused, it can often be argued that the accused was not aware of the weapon and so did not have joint or constructive possession.
* [[Defence of Property]]<ref>see {{CanLIIRP|Gunning|1kt5b|2005 SCC 27 (CanLII)|[2005] 1 SCR 627}}{{perSCC|Charron J}} (9:0)</ref>

A defence of mistake of fact or [[Due Diligence|due diligence]] is available against offences under s. 86(2).<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Smillie|1dxqx|1998 CanLII 7050 (BC CA)|129 CCC (3d) 414}}{{perBCCA|Ryan JA}} (3:0)
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

==Participation de tiers==
{{seealso|Rôle de la victime et des tiers|Aides au témoignage pour les témoins jeunes, handicapés ou vulnérables}}
; Aides au témoignage
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; Sur le constat de culpabilité
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Avis de Dédommagement / Notice of VIS -->
|s. x {{DescrSec|x}} || || ||
|-
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{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Principes et fourchettes de détermination des peines==
{{seealsoSentencing}}
{{seealsoSentencingWeapons}}

; Pénalités maximales
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}} | {{Summary}} | {{summaryconviction}} }}
{{SProfileMax|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}} <br> No prior convictions| {{indictment}} | {{Max2Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}} <br> With prior convictions| {{indictment}} | {{Max5Years}}}}
{{SProfileEnd}}
{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}} |'''{{Max2Years}}''' (no priors) and '''{{Max5Years}}''' (with prior convictions under s. 86)| '''{{summaryconviction}}'''}}

; Pénalités minimales
{{NoMinimumPenalties}}

; Dispositions disponibles
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}}|| any || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable}}

; Peines consécutive
{{NoConsecutive}}

; Notice of Increased Penalty
Where a prior related conviction exists there must be [[Notice of Increased Penalty|notice]] under s. 665 in order to rely on the higher penalties.

===Principes===

===Gamme de peines===
{{seealsoRanges|Careless Use or Storage of a Firearm}}

==Ordonnances de condamnation accessoires==
{{seealso|Ordonnances auxiliaires}}
	
; Ordonnances spécifiques à une infraction
{{AOrderHeader}}
| [[Ordres ADN]] || s. 86(a)(ii) ||
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)Hybrid|art. 86(a)(ii) [with prior conviction]}}
|-
| [[Ordonnances d’interdiction des armes|Weapons Prohibition]]  ||art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}} ||
* {{Section109|D|art. 86}}
* {{Section110|art. 86}}
|-
{{AOrderEnd}}
; Ordonnances générales de détermination de peine
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; Ordonnances générales de confiscation
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Suspensions de casier et pardons== 
{{RecordSuspension|art. 86 {{DescrSec|86}}  }}

==Voir également==
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBox/Weapons}}